Restraints can be used for all of the following purposes except to:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Restraints don't prevent confusion; they may worsen it by increasing stress.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Florence Nightingale developed nursing's first theory in the 1850s, focusing on environmental manipulation for recovery e.g., improving sanitation in Crimean War hospitals. Hammurabi (lawmaker), Alexander (conqueror), and Fabiola (early caregiver) contributed historically but didn't theorize nursing. Nightingale's work formalized the profession, influencing modern standards like infection control, marking her as the pioneer theorist.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The Apprentice Period (6th-19th centuries) saw Christian orders like the Sisters of Charity emerge to nurse the sick, driven by faith e.g., tending plague victims. Unlike Dark (decline), Contemporary (modern), or Educative (formal schools), this era blended religious duty with care, laying nursing's compassionate foundation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Assessment, the first nursing process step, gathers data via interview (history), observation (vitals), and examination (physical) e.g., noting a patient's dyspnea. Planning sets goals, implementation acts, and evaluation reviews outcomes. This systematic data collection, per Gordon's framework, drives accurate care planning in practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cleaning from stem to bulb least to most contaminated follows medical asepsis e.g., wiping away from the anus-exposed tip. Bulb-to-stem spreads germs; other options are illogical. Nurses use this e.g., alcohol wipes per infection control, preventing cross-contamination.