Regarding ventilation / perfusion (V/Q) relationships, which statement is INCORRECT?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: perfusion decreases more than ventilation from base to apex (gravity), making V/Q higher at apex (e.g., 3 vs. 0.6 at base). Choice A is true (apex V/Q ≈ 3). Choice B is correct (third rib ≈ 1). Choice D is accurate (whole lung ≈ 0.8). Choice E (exercise increases) is true. Ventilation gradient is less steep (4:1 base-to-apex) than perfusion (10:1), reversing C's claim, making it false.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A sore muscle at the injection site is a common adverse reaction to the influenza vaccine, occurring due to local inflammation from the needle and immune response activation. It's typically mild, lasting a day or two, and aligns with expected side effects reported by the CDC. Rhinorrhea and low-grade fever are more associated with the live attenuated nasal spray vaccine, not the inactivated injectable form most adults receive. Hives and numbness suggest an allergic reaction, which is rare and requires immediate attention, not routine teaching. Malaise and myalgia can occur but are less frequent and specific than injection-site soreness. The nurse includes this reaction in teaching to prepare the client for a normal, self-limiting response, reducing anxiety and ensuring they distinguish it from severe symptoms needing medical follow-up, promoting vaccine acceptance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: After recovering from influenza, Emily Yi might use cough suppressants for lingering symptoms, but the nurse warns against overuse because they reduce coughing's effectiveness during the day. Coughing clears mucus from the airways, a vital recovery mechanism post-flu, especially to prevent bacterial complications like pneumonia. Suppressing this reflex too much, particularly when active, traps secretions, increasing infection risk a concern for a healthy 27-year-old aiming to avoid setbacks. Weight gain from syrup calories is minor and unrelated to respiratory health. Sleepiness or insomnia could occur with some formulations (e.g., dextromethorphan), but this isn't the primary issue airway clearance is. Addiction to cough suppressants requires excessive, prolonged use, unlikely here. The nurse's focus is on preserving the body's natural defense post-viral illness, ensuring Emily's lungs stay clear, aligning with post-flu care principles to prevent secondary issues.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most effective health promotion for seniors to prevent influenza and pneumonia is getting an annual flu vaccine. It primes immunity against prevalent strains, reducing infection risk by up to 60% when matched, and lowers pneumonia odds a common flu complication in older adults with waning immunity. Exercise boosts general health but doesn't target flu-specific prevention. Hand washing curbs germ spread but lacks the proactive immunity of vaccination. Avoiding crowds reduces exposure yet isn't as reliable or comprehensive as the vaccine, especially for community-dwellers. The nurse emphasizes this annual shot, often high-dose for seniors, as the gold standard, per CDC, offering direct protection against flu's severe outcomes, critical for this high-risk group's respiratory health.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In ARDS, alveolar walls are lined with waxy hyaline membranes (A), resembling surfactant insufficiency in preterm infants'. Choice B is false; initial damage targets capillary endothelium, later affecting epithelium. Choice C is incorrect; the exudate leads to intra-alveolar fibrosis, not resolution. Choice D is wrong; chest X-rays are often normal initially, showing infiltrates later. Choice E (neutrophil-mediated) is true but not listed. Page 716 details hyaline membranes protein-rich debris from necrosis as a hallmark, driven by neutrophil mediators (e.g., ROS), distinguishing A as the consistent feature over B's epithelial focus or C's resolution.