Regarding pulmonary ventilation, which statement is INCORRECT?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: physiological dead space (anatomic + alveolar) equals anatomical dead space (≈150 mL) in healthy lungs at rest alveolar dead space is negligible. Choice B is true; base ventilates more (gravity). Choice C is correct (7 mL/kg, ≈500 mL for 70 kg). Choice D is accurate; resistance drops with volume (airway stretch). Choice E (20x increase) is true. Normal Vₓ/Vₜ (0.3) matches anatomic dead space, making A's ‘larger' claim false.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The body's natural defenses against influenza include viscous mucus secretions in the respiratory tract that trap viral particles, preventing deeper penetration, and local immunologic defenses like antibodies and inflammatory responses that neutralize the virus at entry points. This inflammation, triggered by immune cells, fights infection but causes symptoms like swelling or fever. Vasodilation occurs, but lowering body temperature isn't a defense fever actually helps combat viruses. Antihistamines aren't naturally released; they're medications, and catecholamines boost alertness, not immunity. Coughing clears mucus, but antidiuretic hormone inhibition isn't a flu defense it relates to fluid balance. The nurse explains mucus and local immunity as key barriers, educating the client on how the body resists influenza naturally before adaptive immunity fully activates, emphasizing their role in limiting viral spread and aiding recovery.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A runny nose during flu stems from cells lining the respiratory passages dying due to viral attack, releasing fluid and sparking inflammation that boosts mucus production. This immune response traps and expels the virus, a concept fifth graders can grasp as the body's defense, making tissues essential for hygiene. Drinking water hydrates but doesn't cause runny noses excess fluid isn't secreted nasally. Lack of coughing or sneezing might worsen congestion but isn't the trigger mucus forms from infection, not clearance failure. Viruses don't ‘melt' into fluid; they're already microscopic, and fever aids immunity, not liquefaction. The nurse uses this cellular explanation to connect symptoms to infection, encouraging tissue use to manage mucus and curb germ spread, tailoring the lesson to young learners' understanding of flu's effects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The nurse teaches that a sore muscle at the injection site is a common flu vaccine reaction, caused by needle trauma and local immune response, typically mild and short-lived (1–2 days). This prepares the client for a normal effect, per CDC data, reducing worry. Rhinorrhea and low-grade fever tie more to the live nasal spray, not the inactivated shot most receive. Hives and numbness signal rare allergic reactions, not routine teaching points. Malaise and myalgia occur occasionally but aren't as universal as site soreness. Highlighting this expected outcome ensures the client distinguishes it from serious issues, fostering vaccine trust and adherence by setting realistic post-shot expectations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) has no known etiology (B), with radiological and clinical parallels to ARDS'. Choice A is false; mean age is 50, not 30. Choice C is incorrect; it affects men and women equally. Choice D is wrong; it follows a short respiratory illness (<3 weeks), not urinary infections. Choice E (50% mortality) is true but not listed. Page 716 describes AIP as idiopathic, rapidly progressive, with 50% mortality, distinguishing B as the correct feature its unknown cause aligns with ARDS-like diffuse alveolar damage, unlike A's age error or D's unrelated trigger.