Regarding compliance, which statement is INCORRECT?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: compliance (ΔV/ΔP) is a static measure of lung/chest elasticity, not dynamic (dynamic compliance includes airflow). Choice A is true; FRC balances recoil forces. Choice B is false but not the focus (hysteresis is surfactant-related). Choice C is incorrect but plausible; expiration compliance may appear higher in hysteresis. ' emphysema increases compliance (loss of recoil). Compliance reflects distensibility at rest (e.g., 200 mL/cm H₂O), not breathing dynamics, making E's ‘dynamic' label the error.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: True vocal cords are formed by the vocal ligament (cricovocal membrane) and vocalis muscle, a part of the thyroarytenoid (A), which adjusts tension and adducts cords. Cricothyroid (B) tenses cords externally, thyrohyoid (C) elevates the larynx, and transverse arytenoid (D) adducts arytenoids, but only A directly integrates into the cord structure.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Maintaining functional ability (A) is a priority goal for COPD clients. This chronic, progressive disease limits airflow, reducing exercise tolerance preserving daily activity (e.g., walking, self-care) enhances quality of life and slows decline. Chest pain (B) isn't typical in COPD unless complicated (e.g., pneumothorax) dyspnea dominates. Increasing COâ‚‚ (C) is harmful; COPD often causes hypercapnia, needing reduction. Treating infections (D) is a means, not the goal prevention aids function. Functional ability, supported by rehab and breathing techniques, is a measurable, client-centered outcome, critical in nursing care plans to manage COPD's impact long-term.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Chronic emphysema, an obstructive disease, causes CO₂ retention (hypercapnia), lowering pH (acidosis) as HCO₃⁻ rises to compensate respiratory acidosis. Chloride drops (low Cl⁻) via renal compensation, shifting anions, yielding low pH, low chloride, high CO₂ content' (D). High pH (A, E) suggests alkalosis, unfit for chronic CO₂ buildup. Eosinophilia (B) ties to allergy, not emphysema. Low CO₂ (C) fits hyperventilation, not obstruction. This blood gas shift e.g., pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 60 mmHg reflects ventilatory failure, critical in monitoring COPD progression and guiding oxygen or ventilatory support in advanced stages.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: At sea level (760 mmHg), inspired air's pO₂ is inconsistent at 130 mmHg (choice D). Inspired air's pO₂ is calculated as 0.21 × (760 - 47) = 149.7 mmHg, where 47 mmHg is water vapor pressure. Choice A (alveolar pCO₂ = 40 mmHg) is consistent with normal alveolar values, reflecting CO₂ production and ventilation balance. Choice B (alveolar pO₂ = 100 mmHg) aligns with the alveolar gas equation: pO₂ = FiO₂ × (P_atm - PH₂O) - (pCO₂/R), approximately 100 mmHg with R ≈ 0.8. Choice C (PH₂O = 47 mmHg) is correct for saturated air at 37°C. Choice E's 573 mmHg for PN₂ is reasonable (760 - 47 - 100 - 40 ≈ 573). The stated 130 mmHg for inspired pO₂ underestimates the true value (≈150 mmHg), making D inconsistent with standard sea-level conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: high-altitude hypoxia (hypoxemic, low pO₂) causes cyanosis (bluish skin) as Hb saturation drops (e.g., PaO₂ ≈ 60-70 mmHg at 3,000 m). Choice A is false; stagnant hypoxia involves low flow, not low FiO₂ (altitude). Choice C is wrong; 3,000 m causes mild symptoms (e.g., headache) in unacclimatized people, not severe (e.g., edema, >4,000 m). ' 100% O₂ corrects PaO₂ but not acclimatization deficits (e.g., alkalosis). Cyanosis (>5 g/dL deoxy-Hb) is visible when SaO₂ falls (e.g., 85%), a hallmark of altitude hypoxia, making B the accurate statement.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Goblet cells (A) are unicellular glands in respiratory and intestinal epithelia, secreting mucus to trap particles and lubricate surfaces. Serous cells (B), in salivary glands, produce watery, enzyme-rich secretions, not thick mucus. Parietal cells (C) in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid, aiding digestion, not mucus. Chief cells (D) release pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme precursor, not mucus. A is correct goblet cells' mucin-filled vesicles distinguish them as mucus producers, unlike the others, which have specialized secretory roles unrelated to mucus production.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: compliance (ΔV/ΔP) is a static measure of lung/chest elasticity, not dynamic (dynamic compliance includes airflow). Choice A is true; FRC balances recoil forces. Choice B is false but not the focus (hysteresis is surfactant-related). Choice C is incorrect but plausible; expiration compliance may appear higher in hysteresis. ' emphysema increases compliance (loss of recoil). Compliance reflects distensibility at rest (e.g., 200 mL/cm H₂O), not breathing dynamics, making E's ‘dynamic' label the error.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Solar radiation is the primary energy source for Earth's climate system, delivering ~1361 W/m² at the top of the atmosphere (solar constant), driving weather, ocean currents, and the hydrologic cycle. Geothermal heat (~0.087 W/m²) from Earth's core is minor, mainly affecting tectonics, not climate. Tidal forces from the Moon influence oceans but provide negligible energy for climate. Cosmic background radiation (~2.7 K, microwaves) is far too weak. Solar energy's dominance is evident ~99.97% of climate energy comes from the Sun, absorbed and redistributed via atmosphere and surface processes (e.g., albedo, greenhouse effect), making it the fundamental driver, per climate science (e.g., IPCC), distinguishing it from trivial contributors.