Regarding asthma

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Atopic asthma (C) is the most common type, driven by allergens'. Choice A is false; asthma has increased in the Western world over 30 years. Choice B is incorrect; intrinsic asthma is non-allergic (e.g., viral), while extrinsic is allergen-induced. Choice D is wrong; T_H2 cells (not T_H1) dominate, promoting IgE via IL-4/IL-13 (T_H1 inhibits). Choice E (bronchiolitis obliterans) is bronchitis-related. Page 723 confirms C's prevalence atopy's IgE-mediated hypersensitivity underlies most cases, unlike A's trend or D's cell error.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Smoking is associated with particle deposition in alveolar macrophages (D), e.g., 'smokers' macrophages'. Choice A is false; mesothelioma isn't smoking-related (asbestos-driven). Choice B is incorrect; smoking causes interstitial diseases (e.g., DIP) too. Choice C is wrong; liver disease isn't linked. Choice E (Loffler) is unrelated. Page 740 notes D's hallmark carbon-laden macrophages in smokers' lungs, distinguishing it over A's cancer link or B's exclusion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Patchy consolidation dominates bronchopneumonia (A), reflecting multifocal spread. Choice B is false; lobar patterns depend on pathogen spread, not anatomy alone. Choice C is incorrect; Klebsiella is occasional, not common (S pneumoniae leads). Choice D is wrong; macrophages, not lymphocytes, clear alveoli. Choice E (nasopharynx defense) is true. Page 749 defines A's morphology bronchial-centric patches contrast with lobar consolidation, distinguishing it over B's variation or D's clearance error.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Squamous cell lung carcinoma (SCC) is closely correlated with smoking (B), with 95% in smokers. Choice A is false; 5-year survival is 15%. Choice C is incorrect; it's hilar (1st/2nd order bronchi), not peripheral. Choice D is wrong; it's commoner in males. Choice E (late metastasis) is true. Page 759 details B's link smoking-induced metaplasia drives SCC, distinguishing it over A's survival or C's location error.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever, a zoonotic disease often contracted from livestock via inhalation of aerosols. It presents with fever, pneumonia, or hepatitis, differing from tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), a chronic lung infection with granulomas; diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae), marked by throat pseudomembranes; and walking pneumonia (typically Mycoplasma pneumoniae), a milder lung infection. C. burnetii's intracellular nature and resilience in the environment distinguish Q fever, which lacks the exotoxin-driven pathology of diphtheria or tuberculosis's slow progression. Accurate identification guides treatment antibiotics like doxycycline for Q fever versus antitoxins or long-term regimens for others emphasizing the need to recognize causative agents in respiratory illness management.