Pulmonary oedema

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Long-standing pulmonary edema causes brown induration (B), but it predisposes to infection, not protects, due to hemosiderin-laden macrophages (Page 715). Choice A is false; microvascular injury (e.g., ARDS) damages capillaries, not hydrostatic pressure (that's heart failure). Choice C is incorrect; left heart failure increases capillary hydrostatic pressure, not plasma oncotic pressure (which reduces edema). Choice D is wrong; pneumonia's edema is localized, and death stems from sepsis/infection, not diffuse edema. Brown induration reflects chronic hemorrhage, impairing clearance and increasing infection risk (e.g., pneumonia), making B's 'protective' claim false while aligning with its morphological outcome.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) is smoking-related (C), linked to macrophage accumulation. Choice A is false; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is T_H2-mediated (IL-4/IL-13). Choice B is incorrect; IPF is alveolitis, not bronchiolitis. Choice D is wrong; radiation pneumonitis causes fibrosis, not granulomas (sarcoid does). Choice E (late clubbing) is true. Page 729 confirms C DIP's smoking tie contrasts with IPF's T_H2-driven fibrosis, distinguishing it over A's cell type or D's granuloma error.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Simple pulmonary eosinophilia (Loffler syndrome) has striking radiographs but a benign course (D), resolving spontaneously. Choice A is false; acute eosinophilic pneumonia responds to corticosteroids, not antibiotics. Choice B is incorrect; Loffler is benign, not fatal. Choice C is wrong; it's extrinsic (allergic), not intrinsic. Choice E (giant cells) is true. Page 740 confirms D's profile transient infiltrates and eosinophilia contrast with A's treatment or B's severity error.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Organ transplant recipients are highly susceptible to Legionella pneumonia (A), with mortality up to 50% in immunocompromised. Choice B is false; urine antigens aid rapid diagnosis, but culture is the gold standard. Choice C is incorrect; Pontiac fever is a mild, distinct Legionella illness. Choice D is wrong; transmission is via aerosol aspiration, not drinking. Choice E (none true) is invalid. Page 747 confirms A's risk immunosuppression amplifies severity, unlike B's diagnostic error or C's nomenclature.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Lung cancer incidence exceeds breast cancer in women (B), reflecting smoking trends. Choice A is false; it's increasing slowly in women. Choice C is incorrect; peak is 40-70, not seventies. Choice D is wrong; only 2% occur before 40. Choice E (1990s smoking link) is misstated. Page 757 confirms B's epidemiology women's rising rates surpass breast cancer, unlike A's decline or D's percentage error.