Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Betty Neuman's Health Care System Model, from the 1970s, frames nursing as managing intra-, inter-, and extrapersonal stressors via prevention levels e.g., educating a hypertensive patient (primary). Henderson aids needs, Orem self-care, and Parse human becoming, but Neuman's stressor focus and system stability approach uniquely address holistic wellness, widely used in stress-related care planning.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The nursing process assessment to evaluation is dynamic (adaptive), cyclical (ongoing), and universal (standard) e.g., used globally for care plans. Intrapersonal (within one person) doesn't apply; it's interpersonal, involving nurse-patient interaction. This framework's flexibility ensures tailored, effective nursing across settings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Using the thumb to palpate radial pulse is incorrect e.g., its own pulse interferes unlike fingers (index, middle) on the inner wrist, palm down, assessing rate, rhythm, volume, and symmetry. Nurses avoid this e.g., per skills training for accurate, interference-free measurement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: External knee/leg rotation isn't done e.g., dorsal recumbent with slight knee flexion relaxes abdomen. Voiding (empty bladder), straightened legs (relaxation), and dorsal position aid inspection. Nurses avoid rotation e.g., for clear view per abdominal exam norms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ernestine Wiedenbach's Clinical Nursing A Helping Art Model (1960s) frames nursing as an art meeting patient needs e.g., teaching insulin use. Swanson's caring, Hall's core-care-cure, and Zderad's humanism differ. Wiedenbach's practical, clinical focus guides purposeful interventions, shaping training and bedside care with its emphasis on intentional, skilled assistance.