Priorities of Planning in Nursing Process is done by

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Planning in the nursing process involves setting priorities to address patient needs effectively. Maslow's hierarchy of human needs provides a framework, ranking needs from physiological (e.g., breathing, food) to self-actualization. Nurses use this to prioritize life-sustaining needs first, such as oxygen or hydration, before addressing higher-level needs like esteem. The information processing model relates to cognitive psychology, not nursing priorities. Interpersonal theory focuses on nurse-patient relationships, not prioritization. The stages of illness model describes disease progression, not care planning. Maslow's structured approach ensures critical needs are met first, aligning with patient safety and recovery goals.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Stress from prolonged surgery triggers cortisol release, increasing potassium excretion via urine (aldosterone effect) and shifting it intracellularly, causing hypokalemia. Sodium is retained, calcium and chloride less affected. Nurses monitor for weakness or arrhythmias, replacing potassium to counter steroid-induced losses, maintaining electrolyte balance critical post-op.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Computerized documentation enhances accuracy, legibility, and rapid communication, streamlining nursing workflows and improving care coordination. However, a significant disadvantage is the concern for privacy, as digital records are vulnerable to breaches, hacking, or unauthorized access, risking patient confidentiality. Unlike paper records, which can be physically secured, electronic systems require robust safeguards encryption, passwords, and audits to comply with privacy laws like HIPAA. A breach could expose sensitive data, eroding trust and legal standing. Accuracy isn't a disadvantage; technology reduces errors compared to handwriting. Legibility is a benefit, eliminating misreads from poor penmanship. Rapid communication aids timely care, not a drawback. Privacy concerns, though manageable with security measures, remain a critical challenge, balancing efficiency gains against the ethical duty to protect patient information, making it the primary disadvantage in this context.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Florence Nightingale is recognized as modern nursing's founder, transforming it into a respected profession in the 19th century. Her work during the Crimean War improving sanitation, reducing mortality established nursing's scientific and caring ethos. She wrote 'Notes on Nursing,' formalizing education and practice standards, shifting nursing from untrained aid to a skilled discipline. Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory, influential but later (20th century). Jean Watson's Caring Theory emphasizes humanism, building on Nightingale's legacy, not founding it. Callista Roy's Adaptation Model is another modern framework, not foundational. Nightingale's pioneering efforts in hygiene, education, and professionalization laid the groundwork, making her the historical and symbolic founder of modern nursing globally.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Problem-solving steps include collecting data (gathering facts), identifying the problem (defining it), and determining a plan (acting) e.g., addressing a patient's fever by checking vitals, diagnosing infection, and medicating. Stating a null hypothesis (e.g., 'no effect') is a research step, testing assumptions scientifically, not a general problem-solving action in nursing practice. Nurses solve issues practically e.g., adjusting IV flow without formal hypotheses, which suit studies (e.g., drug trials). The other steps align with clinical decision-making, making null hypothesis the outlier, irrelevant to routine problem-solving's immediate, action-oriented focus.