Patient with AML on induction chemo. Which finding requires rapid action?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Serum potassium 7.8 mEq/L. A high serum potassium level (hyperkalemia) can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Rapid action is necessary to prevent cardiac complications. Urine output slightly less than intake (choice B), oral mucosa inflammation (choice C), and ecchymoses on trunk (choice D) are important but do not require immediate action to prevent fatal consequences like hyperkalemia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This is the most common type of lymphoma due to its aggressive nature and frequent occurrence in adults. It accounts for about 30% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Hodgkin lymphoma (A) is less common and has distinct diagnostic features. Follicular lymphoma (B) is indolent and typically affects older adults. Mantle-cell lymphoma (D) is rarer and characterized by a specific genetic abnormality. Therefore, based on prevalence and characteristics, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mature B cell immunophenotype. In ALL, a mature B cell immunophenotype is associated with a poorer prognosis because it indicates that the leukemia cells have progressed to a more advanced stage of differentiation, making them more aggressive and resistant to treatment. On the other hand, choices B, C, and D are good prognostic factors in ALL. Female gender is associated with a better response to treatment, hyperploidy is a favorable genetic feature, and age 4-10 years is a common age group with a higher likelihood of responding well to treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Identify symptoms of viral hemorrhagic fever Step 2: Recall common viruses causing viral hemorrhagic fever Step 3: Understand characteristics of virus families Step 4: Filoviruses, like Ebola and Marburg, are known to cause viral hemorrhagic fevers due to their high pathogenicity. Step 5: Togaviruses, Bunyaviruses, and Flaviviruses are not typically associated with viral hemorrhagic fevers. Summary: Filovirus is the correct answer as it is a known cause of viral hemorrhagic fevers, while the other choices are not commonly associated with this condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Irradiating blood components. This is because irradiation of blood components helps prevent graft-versus-host disease by inactivating T lymphocytes present in the transfused blood. This decreases the risk of these donor T cells attacking the recipient's tissues, which is the underlying mechanism of graft-versus-host disease. Explanation of other choices: A: Packed cells - While packed red blood cells are less likely to cause a reaction compared to whole blood, they do not prevent graft-versus-host disease. C: Fresh whole blood - Fresh whole blood does not address the specific mechanism of graft-versus-host disease prevention like irradiation does. D: Crystalloid replacement - Crystalloid replacement does not have any impact on preventing graft-versus-host disease as it does not affect the T lymphocytes present in the transfused blood components.