Organisms that cannot use Oxygen but rather find it to be toxic are called

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms that cannot utilize oxygen for growth and find it toxic, thriving instead in oxygen-free environments. 'Obligate anaerobes,' is correct because these organisms, like Clostridium botulinum, lack the enzymes (e.g., catalase) to neutralize oxygen's reactive byproducts, making oxygen lethal to them. 'Obligate aerobes,' require oxygen for survival, the opposite of the question's description. 'Aerotolerant anaerobes,' can tolerate oxygen but don't use it, differing from being harmed by it. 'Facultative aerobes,' can switch between oxygen and anaerobic metabolism, adapting to its presence. The defining trait here is oxygen's toxicity, not mere avoidance, aligning with obligate anaerobes' biological characteristics, as seen in microbiology studies of anaerobic bacteria, making B the precise answer over the others.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Informed consent is a legal and ethical process ensuring patients understand and agree to treatment. 'Patient can revoke consent even if he has been booked for surgery,' is correct because consent is voluntary and revocable at any time, per healthcare law (e.g., Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital, 1914). 'It can be obtained from a minor,' is false; minors typically require guardian consent unless emancipated. 'It is the duty of the Nurse to obtain consent,' is incorrect; physicians usually secure it, though nurses witness. 'It can be implied for any invasive procedure,' is wrong; implied consent applies only in emergencies. The patient's right to withdraw consent reflects autonomy, making C the accurate answer, grounded in legal precedents.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Intravenous (IV) administration delivers drugs directly into the bloodstream, bypassing certain processes. 'Bioavailability is 85%,' is correct as not true because IV achieves 100% bioavailability, not 85%, since there's no absorption barrier (e.g., Katzung's Pharmacology). 'First pass is avoided,' is true, skipping liver metabolism. 'No gastric manipulation,' is true, avoiding digestion. 'Desired blood concentration is achieved,' is true, allowing precise dosing. The 85% figure applies to routes like oral with losses, not IV's complete delivery, making C the false statement, grounded in pharmacokinetic principles.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Inhalation anesthesia systems vary by gas flow and rebreathing. 'Semiclosed system,' is correct as the most widely used, balancing efficiency and safety with partial rebreathing (e.g., circle system), per Miller's Anesthesia. 'Closed system,' fully recycles gases, less common due to complexity. 'Semiopen system,' is a misnomer; it's not standard. 'Open system,' (e.g., mask without rebreathing) is rare today. Semiclosed systems' prevalence in modern operating rooms, optimizing gas use and monitoring, makes A the precise answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A dependent variable is the outcome measured in research, affected by the independent variable. 'An effect variable,' is correct, aligning with experimental design (e.g., Campbell & Stanley), where it reflects changes (e.g., pain level post-treatment). 'Manipulated,' describes the independent variable. 'An intervention variable,' is also independent. 'An interdependent variable,' is not standard; variables may correlate, but dependent' means effected. B's focus on the variable being influenced matches its role, making it the precise answer.