ATI LPN
Medical Surgical Endocrine Quiz Questions
Question 1 of 5
One week after a mild flulike illness, a 9-year-old boy has an episode of hematuria that subsides within 2 days. One month later, he tells his parents that his urine is red again. On physical examination, there are no significant findings. Urinalysis shows a pH of 7; specific gravity, 1.015; 1+ proteinuria; 1+ hematuria; and no ketones, glucose, or urobilinogen. The serum urea nitrogen level is 36 mg/dL, and the creatinine level is 3.2 mg/dL. Serum electrophoresis shows increased IgA1. Which of the following glomerular structures is most likely to show structural alterations in this boy?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Development of recurrent hematuria after a viral illness in a child or young adult is typically associated with IgA nephropathy. A renal biopsy specimen will show diffuse mesangial proliferation and electron-dense deposits in the mesangium. In these patients, some defect in immune regulation causes excessive mucosal IgA synthesis in response to viral or other environmental antigens. IgA complexes are deposited in the mesangium and initiate glomerular injury. Defects in the structure of glomerular basement membrane are a feature of hereditary nephritis, and antibodies against type IV collagen are formed in Goodpasture syndrome. The parietal epithelium may react with proliferation to form crescents when fibrinogen leaks into the Bowman space with severe glomerulonephritis. Podocytes may by affected by many forms of glomerular disease, but singularly malfunction in minimal change disease.
Question 2 of 5
A 74-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital in an obtunded condition. Her temperature is 37°C, pulse is 95/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. She appears dehydrated and has poor skin turgor. Her serum glucose level is 872 mg/dL. Urinalysis shows 4+ glucosuria, but no ketones, protein, or blood. Which of the following factors is most important in the pathogenesis of this patient's condition?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus is hyperosmolar, nonketotic coma. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, the fundamental defect is insulin resistance, leading to an eventual decrease in plasma insulin or a relative lack of insulin, but there is still enough insulin to prevent ketosis. The resulting hyperglycemia tends to produce polyuria, leading to dehydration, which increases the serum glucose level further.
Question 3 of 5
Which of the following is true regarding the endocrine system?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All statements are true: slow response, hormones travel via blood, nervous input modifies it, but it uses endocrine (not exocrine/apocrine) glands "still considered broadly correct per answer key.
Question 4 of 5
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, what happens next?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: AP triggers vesicle fusion, releasing ACh into cleft; then Na+ channels open, AChE acts later.
Question 5 of 5
Which of the following is not occurring in the heart when the first heart sound (S1) is heard?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All occur: S1 marks AV closure, pressure rise, isovolumetric phase, QRS.