One of the followings is expected in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) scars lung interstitium, reducing elasticity. Functional residual capacity (FRC, ~2.5-3 L) drops (e.g., to 2 L) as stiff lungs limit resting volume true, a restrictive feature. Tidal volume (VT, ~500 ml) decreases, not increases, as breathing shallows to compensate false. Pulmonary vascular resistance rises, not falls, as fibrosis narrows capillaries false. Total lung capacity (TLC, ~6 L) decreases (e.g., to 4 L), not rises, due to restricted expansion false. Lower FRC reflects IPF's mechanics stiff lungs shrink volumes, impair gas exchange, and raise breathing effort, aligning with restrictive pathophysiology and distinguishing it from options contradicting volume and resistance changes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The arytenoid cartilages are paired, pyramid-shaped structures in the larynx, pivotal for vocal cord movement. They sit atop the cricoid cartilage, articulating via a synovial joint, not the thyroid cartilage's inferior horn (A), which connects to the cricoid via the cricothyroid ligament. Their apex supports the corniculate cartilage (C), and their vocal process anchors the vocal ligaments. B states they have two surfaces, but anatomically, they have three (medial, posterior, anterolateral); however, this phrasing is often simplified in questions, making B debatably true. A is unequivocally false no facet exists for the thyroid's inferior horn, which is structurally unrelated to arytenoid articulation. The superior horn of the thyroid connects to the hyoid, further clarifying A's inaccuracy. Thus, A is the exception among the statements.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Maxillary sinuses drain into the middle meatus (A), are innervated by V2 branches (C), and risk fistulae from molar extraction (D) due to thin floor proximity. They lie inferior and lateral to the nasal cavity, anterior to the pterygopalatine fossa (B), not posterior B is false, as the fossa is behind the sinus, making it the exception.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Simple squamous epithelium, a single layer of flat cells, facilitates diffusion and filtration. It lines alveoli (A) in the lungs, enabling gas exchange due to its thinness. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT, B) uses simple columnar epithelium for absorption, with taller cells and microvilli, not squamous. Skin (C) has stratified squamous epithelium for protection, not a single layer. The trachea (D) has pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia, not squamous. A is correct alveoli rely on simple squamous for efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer, unlike the other structures' distinct functional needs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Spermiogenesis transforms spermatids into spermatozoa: acrosome forms (A) from Golgi, aiding egg penetration; cytoplasm is shed (B) via residual bodies; nucleus condenses (C) for streamlined DNA delivery. Morula formation (D), a blastomere stage in early embryogenesis, is unrelated to spermiogenesis, which occurs in seminiferous tubules. D is false morula is an embryonic, not spermatogenic, process, making it the exception among spermiogenesis steps.