One of the followings is expected in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lowers FRC. FRC (~2 L vs. 2.5 L) shrinks with stiff lungs (compliance < 0.1 L/cm H2O, Q1). Tidal volume (B) drops (< 500 mL) due to restriction. Vascular resistance rises (C, false, Q10). TLC falls (D, false, < 6 L). A's reduction unlike B's increase reflects fibrosis' limit on resting volume (ERV + RV decrease), per restrictive physiology (Q45).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hypoventilation reduced alveolar ventilation causes hypercapnia (A), COâ‚‚ buildup from inadequate exhalation (e.g., PaCOâ‚‚ >45 mmHg), as in COPD or sedation. Hypocapnia (B) requires hyperventilation opposite physiology. Both' (C) contradicts; ventilation dictates COâ‚‚ direction. Neither' (D) dismisses the effect. This respiratory acidosis (low pH, high COâ‚‚) contrasts with hypocapnia's alkalosis, key in blood gas interpretation, guiding ventilatory support or oxygen titration in acute care nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hydrothorax pleural fluid from systemic pressure ties to congestive heart failure (B), raising venous pressure (e.g., right heart failure), yielding transudate. Friction rub (A) fits pleuritis. Thoracic duct rupture (C) causes chylothorax. Pseudomonas (D) links to empyema. Emphysematous bleb causes pneumothorax. CHF's fluid overload is key, guiding diuretics in chest nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Polycythemia Vera (PV), there is usually no splenomegaly' (C) is false splenomegaly occurs in 75% from marrow overproduction (JAK2 mutation), but assuming intent, no true option fits perfectly. Erythropoietin (A) is low, not high autonomous RBC production. All lines (B) rise RBCs, WBCs, platelets. Arterial saturation (D) is normal. Hypoferremia (E low iron) is common from RBC demand. C's negation aligns with PV's triad, key in nursing for phlebotomy monitoring.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) RBC membrane defect best treated with splenectomy (C), removing the spleen (e.g., post-10 years) halts hemolysis, normalizing Hb (e.g., >10 g/dL). Iron (A) suits deficiency, not HS. Liver (B) is irrelevant. Intrinsic factor (D) is B12-related. None' dismisses. Splenectomy's efficacy, despite infection risk, is key in nursing for pre-op vaccines and post-op monitoring.