Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health and illness'. This definition was given by

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: This definition comes from the American Nurses Association's 1995 *Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice*, emphasizing nurses' role in addressing human responses like pain or anxiety to health conditions. The International Council of Nurses offers a broader global definition, not this specific wording. Nightingale's 1858 views focused on environmental care, not diagnosis. The Indian Nursing Council's 1948 context lacks this phrasing. The ANA's definition underscores nursing's unique scope, guiding practice and education in assessing and managing patient reactions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: ABG values show low pH (7.20, acidotic), normal PCO2 (35 mmHg, respiratory normal), and low HCO3 (20 mEq/L, metabolic loss). This indicates metabolic acidosis, like from diarrhea or ketoacidosis, where bicarbonate drops, uncompensated by respiration. Alkalosis has high pH, respiratory issues alter PCO2. Nurses correct the cause (e.g., fluids), restoring balance to prevent cellular dysfunction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Placing the feeding 20 inches above the nasogastric tube's insertion point is inappropriate, as excessive height causes rapid flow, risking aspiration or gastric distension. Standard practice recommends 12-18 inches for controlled delivery, ensuring patient safety and comfort. Introducing the feeding slowly prevents sudden stomach overload, reducing nausea or reflux correct practice. Instilling 60 ml of water post-feeding clears the tube, maintaining patency and hydration a standard, appropriate step. Assisting the patient into Fowler's position (elevated head) minimizes aspiration risk, aligning with best practice. The excessive height deviates from guidelines, potentially overwhelming the stomach's capacity and compromising digestion or respiratory safety, making it the clear inappropriate action in NGT feeding administration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Critical thinking during assessment enables the nurse to direct it meaningfully and purposefully, analyzing data as it's gathered to focus on relevant areas e.g., probing shortness of breath to uncover asthma triggers. This ensures efficiency and relevance, avoiding aimless data collection. Reviewing with providers happens post-assessment, not during, and isn't its direction. Determining care delivered is planning/implementation, not assessment's role, which collects data first. Identifying anticipated responses aligns with evaluation, not the initial data-gathering phase. Critical thinking sharpens assessment's focus, prioritizing key findings (e.g., abnormal vitals), making it purposeful and driving subsequent care decisions effectively, a hallmark of skilled nursing practice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A nurse wears a gown primarily when the patient's blood or body fluids may contaminate their clothing, adhering to standard precautions for infection control. This protects against pathogens e.g., during wound care or childbirth reducing transmission risk. Poor hygiene might prompt gloves or masks, but gowns target fluid exposure, not general cleanliness. Medication administration rarely involves fluid splash unless invasive (e.g., IV), not routine enough for gowns. AIDS alone doesn't mandate gowns unless fluid exposure is likely precautions are universal, not disease-specific. Fluid contact is the key trigger, as per CDC guidelines, ensuring nurse safety and preventing cross-contamination, making this the most precise scenario for gown use in clinical practice.