Nursing diagnoses mostly differ from medical diagnoses, in that they are:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nursing diagnoses focus on the patient's human response to health conditions (e.g., pain, anxiety, impaired mobility), guiding holistic care, whereas medical diagnoses identify the pathological condition (e.g., pneumonia, diabetes) for treatment. Nursing diagnoses aren't solely dependent on medical ones (A), go beyond caring vs. curing (B), and include physiologic responses, not just psychosocial (D), making C the key distinction.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Oliguria is defined as urine output less than 400 mL/day in adults (C), indicating reduced kidney function (e.g., dehydration, AKI). Normal output is 800-2000 mL/day (B), anuria is <100 mL/day (A), and polyuria is >2500 mL/day (D), making 350 mL oliguria.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Renin catalyzes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, leading to angiotensin II (C), which increases sodium reabsorption and vasoconstriction. It doesn't directly affect water (A), decrease sodium (B), or directly increase sodium (D), making C the primary effect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the proximal convoluted tubule (A), sodium is actively transported out, and water follows passively via osmosis due to osmotic gradients. The descending limb (B) is water-permeable, ascending limb (D) actively transports sodium without water, and collecting duct (C) adjusts water with ADH, making A the match.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Incontinence is the involuntary loss of bladder control (A), impairing micturition regulation, a true clinical definition. False (B) would deny this standard meaning, making A correct.