NADPH from HMP in RBCs used for?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glutathione reduction. NADPH generated from the pentose phosphate pathway in RBCs is crucial for maintaining reduced glutathione levels, which helps protect cells from oxidative damage. Glutathione is an important antioxidant in cells that helps neutralize harmful reactive oxygen species. This process is essential for the protection of RBCs from oxidative stress and maintains their structural integrity. A: Fatty acid synthesis - NADPH is indeed required for fatty acid synthesis, but in RBCs, the primary role of NADPH is in maintaining redox balance rather than fatty acid synthesis. C: ATP formation - NADPH is not directly involved in ATP formation, as ATP is mainly produced through processes like glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. D: Oxygen radical removal - While NADPH is involved in reducing oxidative stress, its primary role in RBCs is to maintain glutathione levels for antioxidant defense rather than directly removing oxygen radicals.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Phlebotomus species. Visceral leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus in Asia. These sandflies are the main vectors for the parasite that causes the disease. Phlebotomus species are known to transmit Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Lutzomyia species (B) are primarily found in the Americas and are more commonly associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Anopheles species (C) are known vectors for malaria, not visceral leishmaniasis. Mansonia species (D) are associated with transmitting various viruses, not Leishmania parasites. Therefore, the correct answer is A as Phlebotomus species are the main vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Asia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: IgG. IgG is the major immunoglobulin in human serum, comprising about 80% of the pool. IgA is mainly found in mucosal secretions, IgD is involved in B cell activation, and IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection. IgG is the most abundant and versatile immunoglobulin, providing long-term immunity through neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation. Its high concentration in serum makes it crucial for defending against various pathogens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Place on safety precautions. With a platelet count of 58,000/mm³, the client is at risk for bleeding due to thrombocytopenia. Safety precautions include measures to prevent injury and bleeding, such as using soft-bristled toothbrushes, avoiding sharp objects, and maintaining a safe environment. Encouraging high-protein foods (choice A) is not directly related to managing low platelet count. Neutropenic precautions (choice B) are for clients with low white blood cell counts, not platelet issues. Limiting visitors (choice C) may reduce infection risk but does not address the bleeding risk associated with low platelet count.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In SCID, there is a deficiency in immune cell development. HSCT replaces defective stem cells with healthy ones, restoring immune function. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy (option A) can further weaken the immune system. Antibiotic therapy (option B) treats infections but doesn't address the underlying immune deficiency. Colony-stimulating factors (option D) are used to stimulate production of specific blood cells, not a comprehensive immune system reconstitution like HSCT.