Mr. Kaka has been admitted into theatre for surgery. The Nurse discovered during assessment that the patient does not understand the risks associated with the surgery he is about to undergo. The Nurse should

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When a patient lacks understanding of surgical risks, the nurse's role is to ensure informed consent, a cornerstone of autonomy. 'Explain the risks of the procedure to the patient,' is correct because it addresses the knowledge gap directly, aligning with the ANA Code of Ethics and patient advocacy. 'Make Mr. Kaka sign the consent form,' violates informed consent if he's uninformed. 'Reschedule the surgery for the next day,' delays care without solving the issue. 'Notify the Doctor,' is appropriate but secondary; the nurse can first educate, as physicians typically explain risks, yet nurses reinforce understanding. Explaining risks empowers Mr. Kaka to make an informed decision, making B the best immediate action, rooted in nursing's educational duty.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Research problems arise from unresolved issues needing investigation. 'Resolved issues,' is correct as the exception because they lack the uncertainty or need for study that defines a research problem, per research methodology (e.g., Creswell). 'Recurring problems,' prompts research to find solutions. 'Gaps in the body of knowledge,' drives inquiry into unknowns. 'Personal experiences,' can inspire research questions. Resolved issues, already addressed, don't require further exploration, making D the accurate exclusion, reflecting research's focus on open questions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A sample frame is the list of all population entities from which a sample is drawn. 'Sample frame,' is correct, as per statistical methodology (e.g., Cochran), providing the sampling base (e.g., a hospital staff list). 'Sampling unit,' is an individual element. 'Sampling fraction,' is the sample-to-population ratio. 'Sample size,' is the number sampled. The frame's role as the master list ensures representativeness, making A the precise answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The radial head articulates with the humerus' capitulum in the elbow. 'Capitulum,' is correct, a rounded lateral structure, per anatomy (e.g., Drake's Gray's Anatomy). 'Trochlea,' articulates with the ulna. 'Glenoid cavity,' is in the shoulder. 'Olecranon,' is the ulna's part. Capitulum's specific radial fit makes D the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cardiac output (CO) is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), and adrenaline (epinephrine) enhances both by increasing HR and contractility. 'Adrenaline,' is correct because it acts via beta-adrenergic receptors to boost sympathetic stimulation, as per physiology texts like Guyton and Hall's Medical Physiology. 'Aldosterone,' regulates blood volume and pressure long-term, not directly affecting rate or force acutely. 'Angiotensin,' primarily causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone release, indirectly influencing CO. 'Thyroxin,' increases metabolism and HR over time but lacks adrenaline's immediate, dual impact on rate and force. Adrenaline's rapid action—seen in fight-or-flight responses—makes it uniquely suited to elevate CO by enhancing both parameters, distinguishing B as the precise answer, supported by its role in cardiovascular regulation during stress.