Metabolic functions of the lung include all of the following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: the lung converts angiotensin I to II (AII) via ACE but doesn't metabolize AII degradation occurs elsewhere (e.g., liver). Choice A is true (ACE activity). Choice C is correct (bradykinin inactivation). Choice D is accurate (serotonin uptake). Choice E (arachidonic acid) occurs via cyclooxygenase. The lung's ACE role is synthetic, not catabolic for AII, making B the exception.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: decreased phosphate lowers 2,3-DPG, shifting the O₂ dissociation curve left (higher Hb-O₂ affinity, P₅₀ down). Choice B (altitude) increases 2,3-DPG, shifting right. Choice C (cortisol) may indirectly raise 2,3-DPG via metabolism, shifting right. Choice D (decreased pH) shifts right (Bohr effect, H⁺ reduces affinity). Choice E (aldosterone) has minimal direct effect but isn't listed. Phosphate depletion (e.g., starvation) reduces 2,3-DPG, countering right-shift factors like CO₂, temperature, or hypoxia, making A the exception in this context.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A pandemic describes the most severe spread of influenza, characterized by a new virus subtype spreading globally across multiple continents, affecting large populations with significant morbidity and mortality. This differs from an epidemic, which is a regional or community-wide outbreak, less severe in scope. An outbreak is even smaller, often localized, while antigenic refers to the virus's properties, not its spread. Historically, influenza pandemics like 1918 and 2009 demonstrated widespread devastation due to lack of immunity and rapid transmission. Understanding these terms is vital for public health responses pandemics require global coordination, unlike smaller-scale events. The nurse educating about influenza spread would emphasize ‘pandemic' as the term for the most severe scenario, reflecting its impact on healthcare systems and populations, necessitating urgent vaccination and containment strategies.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: This activity represents the evaluation phase, where the nurse assesses the client's progress after a week, modifying care based on outcomes. Adjusting the fluid intervention reflects reassessment of hydration needs, adding ineffective airway clearance addresses a new issue like mucus buildup, and discontinuing fatigue suggests it's resolved. Planning sets initial goals, not adjustments. Implementation is executing interventions, not revising them. Assessment gathers data but doesn't alter diagnoses this comes later. Evaluation ensures care evolves with the client's condition, critical in flu where symptoms shift (e.g., fatigue lessens, breathing worsens). The nurse's actions show ongoing judgment, refining the care plan to match the client's current state, a hallmark of this phase.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: For fifth graders, the nurse teaches that the flu shot helps the body fight the flu virus, a simple, accurate explanation of how the vaccine's inactivated virus trains immunity to recognize and resist influenza. Saying it's live and causes sickness is false for the shot (true for nasal spray, not typically for kids this age), risking fear. It doesn't protect against all viruses just influenza avoiding overstatement. One lifetime shot is wrong annual vaccination matches new strains. This positive, clear message encourages acceptance, explaining immunity in kid-friendly terms, fostering healthy habits and reducing flu's classroom spread, aligning with pediatric health education goals.