Lactated Ringer's solution is contraindicated in

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lactated Ringer's contains lactate, metabolized into bicarbonate by the liver. In lactic acidosis, where lactate levels are already high (e.g., sepsis), this exacerbates acid-base imbalance, risking further acidosis. It's safe for hypovolemia, burns, or fluid loss, restoring volume and electrolytes. Nurses must assess patient conditions, avoiding this solution when liver function or lactate clearance is compromised, opting for alternatives like normal saline to maintain stability.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Computerized documentation enhances accuracy, legibility, and rapid communication, streamlining nursing workflows and improving care coordination. However, a significant disadvantage is the concern for privacy, as digital records are vulnerable to breaches, hacking, or unauthorized access, risking patient confidentiality. Unlike paper records, which can be physically secured, electronic systems require robust safeguards encryption, passwords, and audits to comply with privacy laws like HIPAA. A breach could expose sensitive data, eroding trust and legal standing. Accuracy isn't a disadvantage; technology reduces errors compared to handwriting. Legibility is a benefit, eliminating misreads from poor penmanship. Rapid communication aids timely care, not a drawback. Privacy concerns, though manageable with security measures, remain a critical challenge, balancing efficiency gains against the ethical duty to protect patient information, making it the primary disadvantage in this context.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Florence Nightingale is recognized as modern nursing's founder, transforming it into a respected profession in the 19th century. Her work during the Crimean War improving sanitation, reducing mortality established nursing's scientific and caring ethos. She wrote 'Notes on Nursing,' formalizing education and practice standards, shifting nursing from untrained aid to a skilled discipline. Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory, influential but later (20th century). Jean Watson's Caring Theory emphasizes humanism, building on Nightingale's legacy, not founding it. Callista Roy's Adaptation Model is another modern framework, not foundational. Nightingale's pioneering efforts in hygiene, education, and professionalization laid the groundwork, making her the historical and symbolic founder of modern nursing globally.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Problem-solving steps include collecting data (gathering facts), identifying the problem (defining it), and determining a plan (acting) e.g., addressing a patient's fever by checking vitals, diagnosing infection, and medicating. Stating a null hypothesis (e.g., 'no effect') is a research step, testing assumptions scientifically, not a general problem-solving action in nursing practice. Nurses solve issues practically e.g., adjusting IV flow without formal hypotheses, which suit studies (e.g., drug trials). The other steps align with clinical decision-making, making null hypothesis the outlier, irrelevant to routine problem-solving's immediate, action-oriented focus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Removing an indwelling catheter requires washing hands (asepsis), deflating the balloon (via syringe, e.g., 10 mL), and applying gentle traction to slide it out, minimizing trauma. Inflating the balloon before removal damages the urethra incorrect and harmful. Explaining and pulling without deflation skips a critical step, risking injury. Screening and explaining are preparatory, but 'pulling gently' alone lacks deflation, incomplete and unsafe. The correct sequence hands washed, balloon deflated, gentle traction follows nursing standards (e.g., catheter care protocols), ensuring safety and comfort, making it the precise technique.