In law, the burden of proof of negligence is on the

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In legal systems, particularly civil law, the burden of proof for negligence lies with the plaintiff—the party bringing the case. 'Plaintiff,' is correct because they must demonstrate the defendant's duty, breach, causation, and damages, as per tort law principles (e.g., Prosser's Law of Torts). 'Defendant,' defends against claims, not proves them, unless counterclaiming. 'Court,' adjudicates, not bears proof. 'Corporate Organization,' is irrelevant unless a party, and even then, it's the plaintiff's role. The plaintiff's obligation to establish negligence, rooted in common law traditions like the U.S. or UK systems, makes A the accurate answer, reflecting the adversarial process where the accuser substantiates the claim.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The ASA classification assesses patient risk before anesthesia. 'ASA PS 4,' is correct for patients with severe systemic disease posing a constant life threat (e.g., unstable angina), per ASA guidelines. 'ASA PS 3,' is severe disease without immediate danger (e.g., stable diabetes). 'ASA PS 2,' is mild systemic disease (e.g., controlled hypertension). 'ASA PS 5,' is moribund patients unlikely to survive 24 hours. ASA PS 4's focus on life-threatening conditions matches the description, making D the precise answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The significance of a study explains its value and impact. 'Relationship between two variables,' is correct as the exception because it's part of hypotheses or findings, not significance, per research guides (e.g., Creswell). 'The overall impact...,' and 'Potential benefits...,' highlight societal and individual value. 'Possible usefulness and contribution,' addresses practical implications. Significance focuses on why the study matters, not specific variable links, making C the odd one out, aligned with research structure.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Reliability, consistency of measurement, is tested via a pilot study. 'Pilot study,' is correct because it assesses tool reliability (e.g., test-retest), per research methods (e.g., Cronbach). 'Carefully designed questionnaire,' aids reliability but doesn't test it. 'Hypothesis testing,' evaluates validity, not consistency. 'Data analysis,' interprets results, not reliability. Pilot studies' role in pre-testing reliability distinguishes B as the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cardiac reserve is the difference between maximum cardiac output (CO) during exercise and resting CO. Resting CO = 84 × 0.06 = 5 L/min; exercise CO = 13 L/min. Reserve = 13 - 5 = 8 L/min. '8 L/min,' is correct, per cardiovascular physiology (e.g., Berne & Levy). Choice A is exercise CO, not reserve. Choice C and D misalign. B's calculation fits, making it the answer.