In cleaning the thermometer after use, The direction of the cleaning to follow Medical Asepsis is :

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cleaning from stem to bulb least to most contaminated follows medical asepsis e.g., wiping away from the anus-exposed tip. Bulb-to-stem spreads germs; other options are illogical. Nurses use this e.g., alcohol wipes per infection control, preventing cross-contamination.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Myra Levine's Conservation Model (1960s) outlines four principles energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, social integrity to maintain wholeness. For example, conserving energy via rest aids a fatigued patient's recovery. Leininger's cultural care, Orlando's patient needs, and Parse's existential focus differ. Levine's framework guides nurses to preserve patient unity e.g., protecting skin integrity impacting holistic strategies in acute and chronic care settings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The Dark Period (16th-18th centuries) began with Luther's 1517 Reformation e.g., closing church hospitals challenging Catholicism. Unlike Apprentice (religious care), Contemporary (modern), or Educative (training), this era saw nursing decline as secular forces took over, a low point before its professional resurgence.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A patient's chart is secondary compiled by others (e.g., past notes), not directly from the patient (primary). Tertiary (textbooks) or mixed don't fit. Charts offer history e.g., prior vitals crucial for continuity, per nursing documentation standards.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Younger people have higher pulses e.g., 80-100 bpm vs. 60-80 adults due to metabolism. Males post-puberty lower (strength), digitalis slows (negative chronotropic), lying reduces (rest). Nurses note this e.g., pediatric norms per physiology.