In brain death all are seen except:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Brain death halts brainstem function, causing diabetes insipidus (ADH loss), apnea (no breathing), and unresponsive pupils (fixed, often dilated, not constricted). Pulse may not react to atropine due to autonomic failure. Constricted pupils suggest intact brainstem, inconsistent with death. Nurses assess these signs, confirming irreversible loss for organ donation protocols.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The Nursing Council of Kenya (NCK) administers licensing exams for registered nurses in Kenya, regulating education, practice, and licensure under the Nurses Act. It ensures competency and standards, issuing licenses post-examination. The National Nurses Association of Kenya (NNAK) is a professional body advocating for nurses, not a licensing authority focused on welfare, not regulation. The American Nurses Association (ANA) governs U.S. nursing, irrelevant to Kenya's system. The Kenya National Nurses Union (KNNU) supports labor rights, not licensure, representing nurses' interests, not testing them. NCK's role in examinations safeguards public health by certifying qualified practitioners, aligning with its mandate as Kenya's official nursing regulator, making it the clear authority here.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Opening the first flap of a wound dressing set away from the nurse maintains sterility, per aseptic technique. The nurse, leaning over, risks contaminating the field if the flap opens toward them (e.g., hair or breath contact). Away ensures the sterile inner surface faces outward, untouched by non-sterile areas, preserving the field for subsequent flaps (sideways, then toward). Opening toward the nurse compromises sterility, a critical error in wound care. Placing the set on a chair or bed isn't about opening it's setup, and the bed risks instability or contamination. The away motion is essential, standard in nursing to protect the sterile environment, preventing infection during dressing changes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Handwashing primarily prevents pathogen transmission, critical for infection control.