In an underdeveloped country, the nurse observes the natives lighting ritual fires and pounding on primitive drums around the sick person to promote recovery. The nurse interprets this behavior as indicating the natives believe illness results from which items?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Evil spirits. The natives believe in a spiritual or supernatural cause of illness, as evidenced by their rituals involving fires and drums to ward off or appease evil spirits. This belief aligns with cultural practices in many underdeveloped countries where illness is often attributed to spiritual factors rather than pathogens or genetics (choice A), tides and planets (choice C), or plants and animals (choice D). The rituals surrounding the sick person suggest a belief in the influence of evil spirits on health, making option B the most appropriate choice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Convent deaconesses. They were the first public health nurses providing care for the sick and poor in the early centuries. They were trained and devoted to serving the community, establishing the foundation for modern public health nursing. The other choices, A: The Presbyterian Church, B: Salerno, and C: Jewish scholars, are incorrect as they do not align with the historical context of the first public health nurses.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reducing the spread of infection. In the late industrialization era, poor sanitation and overcrowding led to rampant infectious diseases. Healthcare workers needed to focus on infection control measures to prevent the spread of diseases. This includes promoting hand hygiene, proper waste disposal, and sanitation practices. By addressing the spread of infection, healthcare workers could significantly improve public health outcomes. Incorrect choices: B: Promoting physical activity - While physical activity is important for overall health, in the late industrialization era, infectious diseases were more pressing issues. C: Educating on medication administration - Although important, medication administration was not a primary concern in an era where infectious diseases were rampant. D: Promoting child safety in transportation - This issue is important for child safety but was not as crucial as addressing the spread of infectious diseases in the late industrialization era.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because promoting good health and treating those who are ill in a holistic manner aligns with Florence Nightingale's theory of nursing. Nightingale emphasized the importance of considering the physical, emotional, and social aspects of patients' well-being. This approach focuses on addressing the whole person rather than just the illness. Respecting the patient's culture and incorporating cultural needs (A) is important in providing patient-centered care, but it does not directly align with Nightingale's theory. Understanding how to motivate people to practice a healthy lifestyle and reduce risks (C) is relevant to health promotion but does not fully capture the holistic approach of Nightingale. Teaching other nurses how to deliver the highest quality of care (D) is essential for professional development but does not specifically reflect Nightingale's holistic nursing philosophy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because Linda Richards was the first professionally trained nurse in the United States and she established the practice of documenting patient care in medical records. This action is directly linked to her contribution as it improved the organization and continuity of patient care. Exploring psychosocial needs (B) and listening to patient symptoms (D) are important nursing practices, but they were not specifically attributed to Linda Richards. Using antiseptic before injections (A) is important for infection control, but it was not directly related to Linda Richards' contribution.