In a normal human, The total lung capacity (TLC) is approximately equal to?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Total lung capacity (TLC) is ~6 L. TLC = RV (~1.2 L) + ERV (~1.3 L) + Vt (~0.5 L) + IRV (~3 L), varying by size/sex (5-7 L). B's 2 L is too low (near FRC). C's 4 L approximates VC. D's 9 L exceeds norms. A's 6 L unlike B's underestimation matches spirometry standards for healthy adults, per physiology's volume summation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Decreased FEV1 (D) fits both obstructive (e.g., COPD) and restrictive (e.g., fibrosis) diseases. Obstructive: FEV1 drops (air trapping), FVC normal/low, ratio < 70%. Restrictive: FEV1 and FVC decrease, ratio ≥ 80% (Q1). RV rises in obstructive (Q13), falls in restrictive (A, false). TLC increases in obstructive, decreases in restrictive (B, false). Vascular resistance rises in restrictive (C, false, Q10). D's universal drop unlike A's specificity aligns with spirometry, per physiology.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Advanced chronic obstructive emphysema (COPD) benefits most from antibiotics, mechanical respiration, and bronchodilators (C). Exacerbations often involve infection antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) target this. Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol) relieve obstruction, while mechanical ventilation (e.g., BiPAP) supports failing respiration without high Oâ‚‚ risks. Continuous 100% Oâ‚‚ (A, E) suppresses hypoxic drive, worsening hypercapnia. Morphine (B) sedates, risking respiratory depression. High Oâ‚‚ ventilation (D) lacks infection focus. This triad addresses infection, airflow, and ventilatory support, optimizing outcomes in severe COPD, a balanced approach critical in ICU nursing care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All (D) sulfur dioxide (A), ozone (B), carbon monoxide (C) are air pollutants. SOâ‚‚ from fossil fuels irritates airways, linked to bronchitis. Ozone, from photochemical smog, damages alveoli, worsening asthma. CO binds hemoglobin, causing hypoxia, not a direct lung irritant but systemic. Each contributes to respiratory morbidity e.g., COPD exacerbations key in environmental health nursing for patient education on exposure reduction.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Empyema pus in pleura often involves Pseudomonas aeruginosa (D), a gram-negative bacillus in nosocomial or post-pneumonia infections, requiring drainage/antibiotics. Friction rub (A) fits pleuritis. CHF (B) gives transudate. Duct rupture (C) is chylothorax. Bleb is pneumothorax. Pseudomonas's purulence distinguishes empyema, key in nursing for chest tube management.