If patient asks the nurse her opinion about a particular physician and the nurse replies that the physician is incompetent, the nurse could be held liable for:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Slander is oral defamation, like calling a physician incompetent.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) is a major risk factor for testicular cancer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Aging and cancer reduce pain tolerance due to decreased adaptive capacity.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct order is denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Florence Nightingale pioneered the idea that a patient's environment directly impacts recovery, a cornerstone of modern nursing. In the 19th century, she observed that poor sanitation, inadequate ventilation, and excessive noise hindered healing, while clean, well-ventilated spaces supported it. Her work during the Crimean War demonstrated this, reducing mortality rates by altering hospital conditions. She viewed the patient as having innate reparative abilities, enhanced by environmental factors like hygiene and comfort, rather than relying solely on medical intervention. This differed from later theorists: Benner focused on skill acquisition, Swanson on caring processes, and King on goal attainment through nurse-client interactions. Nightingale's rejection of germ theory didn't diminish her environmental focus, which remains influential. Her theory laid the groundwork for nursing's emphasis on holistic care, prioritizing the manipulation of external conditions to nurture the body's natural healing processes, a principle still evident in infection control and patient comfort practices today.