If nurse administers an injection to a patient who refuses that injection, she has committed:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Administering against refusal is assault (threat) and battery (unlawful contact).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Threatening abandonment undermines trust, indicating disturbed interaction.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Frozen yogurt is digestible due to bacterial breakdown of lactose.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All are legally required to justify and safely use restraints.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nursing theories fundamentally revolve around four core concepts that define the profession's scope and practice. These concepts shape how nurses understand and interact with their clients. The individual receiving care is central, encompassing their physical, emotional, and social dimensions. The surroundings influencing this individual such as living conditions, sanitation, or social support play a critical role in health outcomes. The practice of nursing itself involves the actions, knowledge, and skills nurses employ to facilitate care. Finally, health represents the goal, viewed as a dynamic state of well-being rather than merely the absence of disease. Other options might reflect aspects of healthcare or outdated views, but they don't encapsulate the widely accepted framework established by foundational theorists like Nightingale, who emphasized environmental manipulation, or Roy, who focused on adaptation. This quartet person, environment, nursing, health grounds nursing as a distinct discipline, guiding both theoretical development and practical application in diverse settings.