ATI LPN
Questions on Respiratory System Questions
Question 1 of 5
Identify the muscular ridges that are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pectinate muscles, muscular ridges on the right atrium's anterior wall and auricles, enhance atrial contraction and surface area, aiding blood flow to the ventricle. Trabeculae carneae are ventricular ridges, not atrial. Coronary sulci are external grooves, not muscles. Papillary muscles anchor valves in ventricles, not atria. Named for their comb-like appearance, pectinate muscles distinguish the right atrium from the smoother left, a structural feature boosting atrial efficiency, key in understanding chamber-specific anatomy and atrial function in the cardiac cycle.
Question 2 of 5
Which part of the brain contains the cardiovascular center that regulates heart rate?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The medulla oblongata houses the cardiovascular center, regulating heart rate via autonomic outputs parasympathetic (vagus) slows it, sympathetic accelerates it, responding to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. The midbrain handles reflexes, not rate. The cerebrum governs higher functions, not direct control. The cerebellum coordinates movement, not heart. The medulla's integration of blood pressure and CO2 data ensures homeostasis, a vital autonomic hub, critical in conditions like brain stem injury where rate control fails, affecting survival.
Question 3 of 5
A corrective cardiac procedure in which a large piece of a patient's own latissimus dorsi muscle is wrapped around the heart and stimulated by an implanted pacemaker to assist the pumping action of a damaged heart.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cardiomyoplasty uses the latissimus dorsi muscle, wrapped around a failing heart and paced electrically, to aid pumping an older technique for severe heart failure. Myocardial infarction is heart attack damage, not a procedure. Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital defect. Cardiomyopathy is disease, not repair. This muscle wrap boosts contractility, key in end-stage failure management, though less common now with ventricular assist devices, a historical cardiac support method.
Question 4 of 5
Of the four parts of respiration, the part when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the capillaries lining the alveoli in the lungs, is:
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: External respiration (B) is the exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between alveolar air and pulmonary capillaries, per the key and physiology texts. Pulmonary ventilation (A) is breathing air movement in/out of lungs (e.g., 500 mL tidal volume). Transport of respiratory gases (C) is O₂/CO₂ movement in blood (e.g., Hb binding). Internal respiration (D) is gas exchange at tissue cells. In the alveoli, O₂ diffuses into blood (PaO₂ ≈100 mmHg) and CO₂ out (PaCO₂ ≈40 mmHg) across a 0.2-0.5 μm membrane, driven by partial pressure gradients (Fick's law). This distinguishes B from A's mechanics, C's circulation, or D's tissue focus external respiration's alveolar-capillary swap is the lung-specific process.
Question 5 of 5
The nurse who is explaining the patho of COPD to a client includes the fact that alveolar destruction results in which manifestations? Select all that apply.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alveolar destruction in COPD decreases surface area (A), increases dead space (C), and collapses airways (B) per document (1, 5). Emphysema reduces alveoli (300 to 150 million), cutting Oâ‚‚ diffusion (PaOâ‚‚ <80 mmHg). Elasticity loss (elastase excess) traps air (RV >120%), not emboli (D unrelated). A's gas exchange drop 50% less area drives hypoxemia, distinguishing it from D's vascular issue, while B and C compound dyspnea in COPD's obstructive pathology.