How is a UTI diagnosed (Tests)?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: UTI diagnosis combines dipstick, mid-stream urine, and clinical symptoms.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: For a diabetic client with a respiratory infection reporting severe headache and dizziness, the nurse should obtain a fingerstick glucose. These symptoms could indicate hypo- or hyperglycemia, common in diabetes during illness due to stress or altered intake, potentially worsened by acetaminophen masking fever. Antipyretics address fever, vital signs give general status, and sputum culture targets infection, but glucose checks directly address a life-threatening metabolic cause in this context, making it the priority.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Glucose reabsorption occurs primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). From the tubular lumen to the tubular cell, it uses secondary active transport via sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLT), driven by the Na⁺ gradient established by Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase. From the cell to the peritubular capillary, glucose exits via facilitated diffusion (GLUT transporters), a passive process. This two-step mechanism distinguishes it from purely passive or primary active transport, making C correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The myogenic mechanism is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle, including renal arterioles, to constrict when blood pressure rises, maintaining stable GFR. This autoregulation protects glomeruli from hypertension. Hormonal (A) and sympathetic (B) controls involve external signals, and tubuloglomerular feedback (D) adjusts via macula densa, making C the correct intrinsic process.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Furosemide, a loop diuretic, inhibits the Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle, blocking reabsorption of these ions, increasing urine output, and reducing blood volume. Thiazides (A) target the DCT, osmotic diuretics (B) work via osmolarity, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors affect HCO₃⁻, making C correct.