How can a nurse ensure proper hygiene for a patient with a urinary catheter?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Keeping the catheter bag above the bladder ensures proper hygiene by preventing urine backflow, reducing infection risk a key catheter care principle. Weekly emptying allows bacterial growth and overflow, unhygienic and unsafe. Keeping it above the bladder (corrected from the original intent) avoids reflux below is standard; frequent disconnection breaches sterility, inviting germs. Securing tubing aids comfort but isn't hygiene-focused. Nurses maintain a closed system, position the bag low, and clean daily, safeguarding urinary health effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Illness is not a determinant of health but a result or outcome of health status, unlike income, gender, and social status, which shape health opportunities and risks. Determinants are upstream factors e.g., income affects access to care, gender influences disease patterns, and social status impacts stress or resources that influence well-being before illness occurs. Illness, like cancer, emerges from these, not vice versa. Health care aides must grasp this to address root causes (e.g., poverty's effect on nutrition) rather than just symptoms, informing holistic care. Confusing outcomes with determinants could skew assessments, missing chances to support clients proactively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Mrs. Smith is using Determinants of Health factors like income, education, or social support to evaluate and improve her well-being holistically. Job description is work-specific, not life-wide. Self-esteem is an outcome, not a framework. Cultural practices are one determinant, not the full scope. These determinants (e.g., environment, genetics) shape health, and her plan reflects this broad lens. Health care aides use this concept to understand clients' contexts e.g., poverty's impact supporting tailored changes, not just treating symptoms, aligning with her proactive, comprehensive approach.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Confidentiality means protecting personal information, unlike compassion for empathy, secrecy for hiding, or jurisprudence for legal study. PSWs uphold this by not sharing client details e.g., health status beyond the care team, per ethics and law. Breaching it erodes trust and violates rights, risking harm or legal issues. It's a core duty; a PSW gossiping about a diagnosis could distress a client or family. Training emphasizes this to safeguard dignity and privacy, ensuring professional boundaries maintain client confidence, distinct from mere sympathy or legal theory.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All options listening caringly , staying calm , not arguing are correct for managing anger. PSWs de-escalate by empathizing e.g., hearing out frustration keeping composure, and avoiding confrontation, per training. Picking one risks missing a step; all together soothe tensions, like calming a upset client over a delay. This approach ensures safety, preserves dignity, and models professionalism, critical for PSWs in emotionally charged care settings.