How can a nurse encourage a patient to use incentive spirometry effectively?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Demonstrating the technique and providing positive reinforcement encourages effective incentive spirometry use by showing proper deep-breathing methods and motivating the patient with praise, improving lung expansion post-surgery. Rapid breathing defeats the goal slow, deep breaths are key. Shallow breaths reduce efficacy, risking atelectasis. Using it for the patient undermines their active role it's a self-exercise tool. Nurses model the process, set goals (e.g., volume markers), and cheer progress, enhancing compliance and respiratory health through empowerment and support.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Holding the cane on the weaker side promotes safety by supporting the compromised leg, allowing the stronger side to bear weight naturally, enhancing balance during ambulation. Random cane placement reduces stability close, firm positioning is key. Tilting forward risks slipping or poor leverage; it should align vertically. Closed eyes disorient, increasing falls vision guides steps. Nurses ensure proper cane height and grip, reinforcing this technique to maximize support and minimize injury risk in mobility-limited patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Keeping the catheter bag above the bladder ensures proper hygiene by preventing urine backflow, reducing infection risk a key catheter care principle. Weekly emptying allows bacterial growth and overflow, unhygienic and unsafe. Keeping it above the bladder (corrected from the original intent) avoids reflux below is standard; frequent disconnection breaches sterility, inviting germs. Securing tubing aids comfort but isn't hygiene-focused. Nurses maintain a closed system, position the bag low, and clean daily, safeguarding urinary health effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Opening sterile packages away from the sterile field maintains sterility by preventing contamination from hands or breath, ensuring the dressing stays germ-free for wound application. Reused gloves or unwashed hands introduce pathogens, risking infection. Dryness depends on wound type moist healing is often ideal, not avoided. Nurses set up a clean zone, open packs outward, and apply with sterile gloves, following aseptic technique to protect healing tissue, a critical step in wound care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Illness is not a determinant of health but a result or outcome of health status, unlike income, gender, and social status, which shape health opportunities and risks. Determinants are upstream factors e.g., income affects access to care, gender influences disease patterns, and social status impacts stress or resources that influence well-being before illness occurs. Illness, like cancer, emerges from these, not vice versa. Health care aides must grasp this to address root causes (e.g., poverty's effect on nutrition) rather than just symptoms, informing holistic care. Confusing outcomes with determinants could skew assessments, missing chances to support clients proactively.