Hookworm infection anemia. Seen on blood smear?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Basophilic stippling. Basophilic stippling is a finding seen in blood smears of individuals with hookworm infection anemia. It represents aggregates of ribosomes in red blood cells due to lead poisoning or thalassemia. Howell-Jolly bodies (A) are nuclear remnants in red blood cells, typically seen in conditions causing splenic dysfunction. Target cells (C) are seen in liver disease or hemoglobinopathies. Spherocytes (D) are seen in conditions like hereditary spherocytosis or autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Promastigote. In vitro diagnosis of leishmaniasis involves culturing the promastigote stage of the parasite. Promastigotes are the infective stage found in the sandfly vector and are typically used for laboratory diagnosis. Amastigotes are the intracellular forms found in mammalian hosts, not in vitro. Trypomastigotes are seen in Trypanosoma species, not Leishmania. Schizonts are not typically used for diagnosis of leishmaniasis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Release of histamine. Early local inflammation is characterized by the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils in response to tissue injury. Histamine causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, leading to redness, swelling, and heat at the site of inflammation. Fever (choice A) typically occurs during systemic inflammation, not in early local inflammation. Anaphylactic shock (choice B) is a severe, systemic allergic reaction involving widespread histamine release, not confined to the local area of inflammation. The attack of cytotoxic T cells (choice D) is part of the adaptive immune response and is not typically involved in the early stages of inflammation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because assessing the conjunctiva of the eye is the best way to evaluate pallor in a dark-skinned client. Pallor is often difficult to detect on the skin in dark-skinned individuals. The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that covers the eye and can show signs of pallor, such as a paler color. This method provides a reliable indicator of pallor in dark-skinned clients. Choice B (having the client open hand widely) and choice C (looking at the roof of the mouth) are not as effective in assessing pallor in dark-skinned clients because these areas may not show visible signs of pallor. Choice D (palpating for mild swelling) is also not relevant to assessing pallor, as swelling and pallor are distinct signs with different assessment methods.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Protective isolation. WAS is an immunodeficiency disorder, making the client highly susceptible to infections. Protective isolation helps prevent exposure to pathogens, reducing the risk of infections. Fresh-frozen plasma (B) is not a priority as it does not address the immediate risk of infection. Chest physiotherapy (C) and nutritional supplementation (D) are important but do not directly address the primary concern of preventing infections in an immunocompromised client like in WAS.