Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity'. This was stated by

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: This definition is a foundational statement in global health, emphasizing a holistic view of well-being beyond just the absence of illness. It originated in 1948 when the World Health Organization was established, included in its constitution to guide international health policies. The United States Health Agency and National Institute of Health focus on national health initiatives and research, respectively, not global definitions. The National League for Nursing centers on nursing education, not broad health definitions. The World Health Organization's inclusion of physical, mental, and social dimensions reflects its mission to promote health universally, making it the source of this widely recognized statement used in healthcare education and practice worldwide.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nursing's metaparadigm includes Person (patient), Environment (context), Health (wellness state), and Nursing (practice) core concepts defining the discipline. Diagnosis is a process within nursing, not a foundational element. Nurses use these paradigms to frame care holistically, ensuring focus on the individual, surroundings, and health goals, not just clinical tasks like diagnosing, which supports but doesn't define the field.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A well-written expected outcome follows the SMART criteria: specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound. 'The patient will identify all the high-salt food from a prepared list by discharge' meets these standards: it specifies the action (identifying high-salt foods), provides a measurable method (from a prepared list), and sets a clear timeline (by discharge), ensuring it's achievable and realistic for patient education. In contrast, 'The patient will feel less nauseated in 24 hours' is vague and subjective, lacking a measurable indicator. 'The patient will eat the right amount of food daily' fails to define 'right amount,' making it unmeasurable and unspecific. 'The patient will have enough sleep' is similarly imprecise, with no clear metric or timeframe. The correctly written outcome supports effective care planning by providing a concrete, evaluable goal, critical for tracking patient progress.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The scientific method defining a question, hypothesizing, experimenting, analyzing, and concluding forms research's foundation, providing a structured, replicable approach to generate reliable knowledge. In nursing, it underpins evidence-based practice, like testing a new wound care protocol. Experience informs research but lacks systematic rigor alone; it's subjective and anecdotal. Problem-solving is a skill applied within research, not its base lacking the method's objectivity. Critical thinking is essential for interpreting data or designing studies, but it's a tool, not the framework. The scientific method's disciplined process ensures findings are valid and generalizable, distinguishing research from intuition or trial-and-error. It's the gold standard for building nursing knowledge, validating interventions, and improving patient outcomes, making it the foundational element of research.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A nursing code of ethics, like Kenya's or ANA's, defines principles autonomy, justice, beneficence shaping client care delivery. It guides decisions (e.g., respecting refusal), ensuring ethical practice. Improving universal health is an outcome, not the code's purpose, which focuses on conduct. Providing identical care misreads ethics; it ensures fairness, not uniformity care varies by need. Protecting nurses' desires prioritizes self-interest, not clients, clashing with the code's intent. Defining principles offers a moral compass, enabling nurses to navigate dilemmas, uphold trust, and deliver client-centered care, making this the code's core relevance.