He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a persons life. Faith according to him, is a relational phenomenon.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: James Fowler's faith development theory (1980s) views faith as a spiritual, relational force giving meaning e.g., trust in a nurse reflects this. Gilligan's care, Westerhoff's behavior, and Freud's drives differ. Fowler's stages intuitive to universalizing aid nurses in addressing spiritual needs, like meaning in illness, enriching patient care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: 24-hour urine daily output e.g., assesses glucose, albumin accurately, unlike midstream (spot), postprandial (post-meal), second (random). Nurses use e.g., diabetes for cumulative levels, per diagnostics.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) combat dehydration in diarrhea by enhancing fluid absorption. Glucose in ORS doesn't merely improve taste (choice A), though palatability helps compliance. It doesn't directly increase amino acid absorption (choice B), as its role isn't protein-related. Instead, glucose increases sodium absorption (choice C) via the sodium-glucose cotransport mechanism in the gut, where glucose facilitates sodium uptake, driving water absorption osmotically. Choice D, 'all of the above,' is incorrect because A and B are not primary functions. C is the correct answer, reflecting glucose's critical physiological role in ORS efficacy. Nurses administering ORS must understand this mechanism to explain its importance to caregivers, ensuring proper use in diarrhea management, especially in children, where dehydration can escalate rapidly without this sodium-glucose synergy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: NPO (nothing by mouth) post-midnight ensures an empty stomach for surgery to prevent aspiration. Smoking at 3:00 A.M (D) violates NPO, as it involves inhalation and can stimulate gastric secretions, posing risks. Eating at 10:00 P.M (A) or drinking at 11:50 P.M (B) occur before midnight, adhering to NPO. Brushing teeth (C) doesn't involve ingestion. Smoking's timing and physiological impact breach NPO, potentially necessitating cancellation, making D the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Clamping above the port 30-60 minutes e.g., pooling fresh urine ensures an accurate sample, unlike below (stagnant) or short times (insufficient). Nurses perform this e.g., sterile syringe for reliable catheter specimens, per infection control and lab standards.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Ethical nursing research upholds participants' rights, guided by the 1985 ANA guidelines, still relevant today. Self-determinism ensures participants choose involvement freely, without coercion, respecting autonomy. Privacy safeguards their personal information and dignity, preventing unauthorized disclosure. Anonymity protects identity, ensuring data can't be linked to individuals, fostering trust. Fair treatment guarantees equitable selection and care, while protection from harm minimizes risks. A cure for illness isn't a right, as research seeks knowledge, not guaranteed outcomes. These principles self-determinism, privacy, anonymity, and more balance scientific goals with human dignity, ensuring participants are respected as individuals, not mere subjects. This ethical foundation is critical for credible, humane research, safeguarding vulnerable populations and upholding nursing's integrity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In a nursing-care plan, potential problems, or risk diagnoses, are stated in two parts: the risk diagnosis (e.g., 'Risk for Falls') and the related factors (e.g., 'related to impaired mobility'). This format, per NANDA guidelines, identifies the potential issue and its cause, guiding preventive interventions. One-part statements lack context, while three- or four-part formats apply to actual diagnoses with defining characteristics. For an LPN/LVN, recognizing this structure ensures clarity in addressing risks, like monitoring a client prone to falling due to weakness.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Speaking for treatment choice is patient advocacy (A) supporting rights, per definition. Management (B) coordinates, literacy (C) understands, QI (D) enhances not rights-specific. A fits advocacy's voice, making it correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Palpating begins at any quadrant systematically e.g., RUQ to LLQ avoiding pain first (comfort). Light pressure, finger pads (not tips) are used. Nurses proceed e.g., clockwise for thoroughness, per standards.