He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a persons life. Faith according to him, is a relational phenomenon.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: James Fowler's faith development theory, from the 1980s, views faith as a spiritual, relational force giving life meaning e.g., a patient's trust in a nurse reflects this. Gilligan's care ethics, Westerhoff's behavioral faith, and Freud's psychology differ. Fowler's stages from intuitive to universalizing guide nurses in addressing spiritual needs, enhancing holistic care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A wet dressing from water spill requires removal and replacement to prevent infection and maintain a healing environment. Reinforcing keeps moisture, drying with a hairdryer risks burns or contamination, and air drying is slow and ineffective. This action ensures wound integrity, a core nursing responsibility.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ICP of 22 mmHg (elevated >20) requires mannitol (C) to reduce cerebral edema osmotically. Saline bolus (A) may worsen ICP. Flat bed (B) increases pressure. Coughing (D) raises ICP. C is correct. Rationale: Mannitol lowers ICP swiftly, a standard intervention in brain injury, per neurocritical care, preventing herniation unlike contraindicated actions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Feeling sorry for pain is sympathy (A) pity, per definition. Empathy (B) understands, fidelity (C) promises, justice (D) fairness not pity-specific. A fits the nurse's emotional response to Mr. Gary's suffering, making it correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In obstetrics, the denominator is the fetal part defining presentation. In breech (buttocks down), the sacrum (choice A) is the reference point, determining positions (e.g., sacroanterior). Femur (choice B), shoulder (choice C), or leg (choice D) aren't denominators; legs vary in flexed/extended breech but don't define it. A is correct, per standard fetal positioning. Nurses monitor breech risks (e.g., cord prolapse), assist in version or cesarean planning, and support safe delivery.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nightingale was born 1820, not 1840 living to 90, she founded St. Thomas' School in 1860 (age 40), wrote ‘Notes on Nursing' (1859), and ‘Notes on Hospitals.' The 1840 birth is incorrect; her early life shaped her Crimean work (1850s), cementing her as nursing's founder.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Asking care preferences is patient-centered care (A) tailoring to needs, per definition. EBP (B) research, informatics (C) tech, public health (D) population not preference-based. A fits patient focus, making it correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: CBR stands for Complete Bed Rest, restricting patient mobility.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Constipation frequently affects immobile patients as reduced movement slows peristalsis and increases intestinal water absorption, hardening stool. This disruption in bowel function is a well-documented outcome of limited physical activity, requiring nursing interventions like hydration or laxatives. Appetite doesn't typically rise with immobility, nor does peristalsis speed up it diminishes. Diarrhea isn't a standard effect unless other factors intervene. Nurses tackle this to restore regularity, understanding that immobility's impact on digestion underscores the need for proactive gastrointestinal care in such patients.