From a pharmacokinetic perspective, which of these routes of administering drugs is nearly identical to intramuscular administration?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pharmacokinetically, routes are compared by absorption speed and bioavailability. 'Subcutaneous,' is correct because it, like intramuscular (IM), involves injection into tissue with similar absorption via capillaries, though slower than IM due to less vascularity (e.g., Rang & Dale's Pharmacology). 'Enteral,' is oral, with first-pass metabolism, unlike IM. 'Intravenous,' delivers directly to blood, bypassing absorption. 'Intracardial,' is rare, directly into the heart, not tissue-based. Subcutaneous and IM share depot-like absorption patterns, making B the closest match to IM's profile, distinct from systemic or gastrointestinal routes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nursing research aims to enhance practice and knowledge, not profit. 'Professional credibility and profit making,' is correct as the exception; profit isn't a goal, though credibility is, per nursing research texts (e.g., Polit & Beck). 'Professional advancement...,' supports career growth. 'Promotion of evidenced based nursing practice,' improves care quality. 'Development of critical thinking...,' fosters skills. Profit-making's commercial focus clashes with nursing's patient-centered ethos, making A the inaccurate goal.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The research process encompasses all stages of a study. 'Steps followed in carrying out a research,' is correct, covering problem identification to analysis, per research frameworks (e.g., Creswell). 'Analysis and presentation...,' is one phase. 'Identification and description...,' is the start only. 'Research design,' is a component. The holistic scope of A captures the full process, making it the precise answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Stroke volume (SV) is the blood pumped per beat, influenced by preload (ventricular filling). 'Preload,' is correct, per Frank-Starling law (e.g., Costanzo's Physiology). 'Postload,' is a misnomer; afterload resists SV. 'Cardiac output,' is SV × HR, not a determinant. 'Cardiac overload,' is vague. Preload's direct effect on SV makes A the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Progesterone, vital for maintaining pregnancy, is primarily secreted by the placenta after early ovarian production. 'Placenta,' is correct, per physiology texts like Guyton, sustaining uterine growth and preventing contractions. 'Anterior pituitary,' secretes FSH and LH, not progesterone directly. 'Ovary,' produces it initially via the corpus luteum, but the placenta takes over. 'Posterior pituitary,' releases oxytocin, not progesterone. The placenta's role post-first trimester, maintaining pregnancy through progesterone, distinguishes C as the accurate answer.