For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to care of the ill person

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Callista Roy conceptualized nursing as a theoretical system centered on the care of ill individuals through structured analysis and action. Her Adaptation Model, developed in the 1970s, portrays humans as biopsychosocial beings who adapt to environmental stimuli. Nursing, in her view, involves assessing these stimuli physical, emotional, or social and intervening to promote adaptive responses that maintain homeostasis. This systematic approach distinguishes her from others: King emphasized interpersonal systems and goal-setting, Henderson focused on assisting with daily activities, and Leininger prioritized cultural care. Roy's emphasis on ‘theoretical' highlights nursing as a science, requiring nurses to analyze patient conditions (e.g., stress from illness) and act (e.g., through education or physical support) to enhance coping. Her model's practical application, like managing a patient's pain response, underscores its relevance in clinical settings, making it a foundational framework for evidence-based nursing practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Roy's Adaptation Model (1970s) sees humans as biopsychosocial-spiritual beings. Socially, people share traits with some others e.g., community roles but differ psychologically (unique thoughts). Biologically and spiritually, humans are alike (e.g., physiology, faith capacity). This nuanced view guides nurses to tailor social support e.g., family counseling enhancing adaptive care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The nursing process assessment to evaluation is dynamic (adaptive), cyclical (ongoing), and universal (standard) e.g., used globally for care plans. Intrapersonal (within one person) doesn't apply; it's interpersonal, involving nurse-patient interaction. This framework's flexibility ensures tailored, effective nursing across settings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Using the thumb to palpate radial pulse is incorrect e.g., its own pulse interferes unlike fingers (index, middle) on the inner wrist, palm down, assessing rate, rhythm, volume, and symmetry. Nurses avoid this e.g., per skills training for accurate, interference-free measurement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: External knee/leg rotation isn't done e.g., dorsal recumbent with slight knee flexion relaxes abdomen. Voiding (empty bladder), straightened legs (relaxation), and dorsal position aid inspection. Nurses avoid rotation e.g., for clear view per abdominal exam norms.