For a client with an indwelling catheter, the nurse should obtain a sterile urine specimen by:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Using a needle to withdraw urine from the catheter port maintains the closed system's sterility, collecting a fresh, uncontaminated sample for testing (e.g., culture). Disconnecting the catheter risks introducing bacteria, breaking asepsis and increasing infection odds. A urinometer measures volume, not a specimen source irrelevant here. Opening the drainage bag yields old, potentially contaminated urine, unfit for sterile analysis. The port method, with sterile syringe and technique, aligns with infection control guidelines (e.g., CDC), ensuring diagnostic accuracy and patient safety, making it the standard nursing practice for this task.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rigor mortis begins 2-6 hours (A), from ATP loss (B), lasts ~24-72 hours (C), per forensic science not trunk-first (D), starts in face/jaw. D's location is untrue, making it the correct false statement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Certification is specialty recognition (B), per nursing e.g., oncology cert. Not required (A), not licensure (C), not all (D) voluntary expertise. B truly defines certification's role, enhancing Mr. Gary's nurse's skills, making it correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A profession, such as nursing, is defined by attributes like a commitment to inquiry (research and evidence-based practice), self-direction (autonomous decision-making), and independence (functioning within a scope of practice). Concerned with quantity, however, is not a professional trait; it suggests a focus on volume over quality, which contradicts nursing's emphasis on patient-centered, high-quality care. Professions prioritize expertise, ethical standards, and service excellence, not numerical output. For example, a nurse's success is measured by patient outcomes recovery, comfort, education not how many tasks are completed. The other options align with professional hallmarks: inquiry drives innovation, self-direction empowers nurses, and independence ensures accountability. Quantity focus might apply to production industries, but in nursing, it's quality of care that defines professionalism, making this the clear non-attribute.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Trial and error involves systematically testing multiple solutions until an effective one is identified, often used when the problem's nature is unclear or lacks a predefined approach. This method relies on persistence, as each unsuccessful attempt narrows down options until success is achieved, making it practical for unique or complex issues. In nursing, trial and error might apply to adjusting interventions when standard protocols fail, such as finding the best position to alleviate a patient's discomfort. Intuition relies on instinct rather than testing, lacking the systematic nature of trial and error. Routine implies following established habits, not exploring new solutions. The scientific method, while systematic, involves hypothesis testing and experimentation, not the broad testing of solutions typical of trial and error. Thus, trial and error stands out as the approach that tests numerous possibilities until one works, aligning perfectly with the question's description.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: IV solutions hang for a maximum of 24 hours to reduce infection risk, as per CDC and INS guidelines. Beyond this, bacterial growth in fluid increases, especially in nutrient-rich solutions. Nurses change bags daily, even if unfinished, ensuring sterility and patient safety. Shorter times (6-18 hours) may apply to specific drugs, but 24 hours is the standard limit for general infusions, balancing practicality and risk.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Encouraging deep breathing and coughing prevents respiratory complications like atelectasis in impaired-mobility patients by clearing airways and expanding lungs. Oxygen treats symptoms, spirometry aids expansion but isn't primary, and antibiotics aren't routine. Nurses prioritize this to enhance ventilation, countering immobility's respiratory suppression, a simple yet effective strategy for lung health maintenance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Assessment's purpose is to establish a client database, collecting subjective (e.g., pain) and objective (e.g., vitals) data to inform care. This foundation drives diagnosis and planning e.g., noting dyspnea guides asthma management. Implementing care occurs later, in the implementation phase, not assessment, which gathers data first. Delegating responsibility is managerial, not assessment's aim focused on client, not tasks. Teaching about health uses assessment findings but isn't its purpose; education follows data collection. By building a comprehensive profile, assessment ensures nurses understand needs fully, making it the critical starting point for tailored, effective care in the nursing process.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Writing care wishes for incapacity is advance care planning (A) preparing directives, per definition. Insurance (B) funds, QI (C) enhances, informatics (D) tech not planning-specific. A fits future care, making it correct.