Flash memory is an example of a/an

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Flash memory is a type of non-volatile storage that retains data without power, commonly used in USB drives and SSDs. 'Secondary storage,' is correct because it serves as an external, long-term storage medium, distinct from a computer's primary memory (RAM), per computer architecture definitions (e.g., Tanenbaum's Structured Computer Organization). 'Input unit,' like keyboards, facilitates data entry, not storage. 'Output unit,' like monitors, displays data, not stores it. 'Internal storage,' typically refers to RAM or cache, which are volatile and primary, unlike flash's non-volatile nature. Flash memory's role in portable, persistent storage—supplementing rather than replacing internal memory—makes D the accurate classification, aligning with its widespread use in modern computing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Intravenous (IV) administration delivers drugs directly into the bloodstream, bypassing certain processes. 'Bioavailability is 85%,' is correct as not true because IV achieves 100% bioavailability, not 85%, since there's no absorption barrier (e.g., Katzung's Pharmacology). 'First pass is avoided,' is true, skipping liver metabolism. 'No gastric manipulation,' is true, avoiding digestion. 'Desired blood concentration is achieved,' is true, allowing precise dosing. The 85% figure applies to routes like oral with losses, not IV's complete delivery, making C the false statement, grounded in pharmacokinetic principles.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Inhalation anesthesia systems vary by gas flow and rebreathing. 'Semiclosed system,' is correct as the most widely used, balancing efficiency and safety with partial rebreathing (e.g., circle system), per Miller's Anesthesia. 'Closed system,' fully recycles gases, less common due to complexity. 'Semiopen system,' is a misnomer; it's not standard. 'Open system,' (e.g., mask without rebreathing) is rare today. Semiclosed systems' prevalence in modern operating rooms, optimizing gas use and monitoring, makes A the precise answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A dependent variable is the outcome measured in research, affected by the independent variable. 'An effect variable,' is correct, aligning with experimental design (e.g., Campbell & Stanley), where it reflects changes (e.g., pain level post-treatment). 'Manipulated,' describes the independent variable. 'An intervention variable,' is also independent. 'An interdependent variable,' is not standard; variables may correlate, but dependent' means effected. B's focus on the variable being influenced matches its role, making it the precise answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) lack transverse foramina, present in cervical vertebrae for arteries. 'Transverse foramina,' is correct, per anatomy texts (e.g., Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy). 'Transverse processes,' articulate ribs. 'Pedicle,' and 'Spinous processes,' are standard features. The absence of transverse foramina in thoracic vertebrae makes A the accurate answer.