First stimulation in the micturition reflex is when the volume reaches?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The micturition reflex begins with the first urge to void at 150-300 ml, typically around 150 ml, when bladder stretch receptors activate afferent pelvic nerve signals to the sacral cord. This initiates reflex detrusor contraction, though voluntary control can delay it. Higher volumes (300-700 ml) escalate sensations, but 150 ml marks the reflex onset, making A correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acute glomerulonephritis involves inflammation of the glomeruli, often leading to fluid retention, hypertension, and edema due to impaired filtration. The primary treatment goal is to maintain fluid balance, preventing overload or dehydration by monitoring intake, output, and weight, and adjusting fluids accordingly. Encouraging activity (A) may worsen strain, high protein intake (B) is avoided due to proteinuria, and catheterization (D) is not routine, making C the correct focus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Paralysis below T4 (thoracic spinal cord injury) spares upper extremities (C5-T1 innervation), allowing independent use, and preserves diaphragm function (C3-5), enabling an efficient cough (D). Flaccidity (A) or spasticity (B) affects lower limbs, and ventilatory support (C) is for higher injuries, making D correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Catheterization and irrigations risk trauma to the urinary tract (e.g., urethra) and infection (e.g., CAUTI) (D) due to invasive entry and bacterial introduction. Kidney stones (A), urgency (B), and nocturia (C) are less directly linked, making D the primary complication.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Isotonic Ringer's expands volume, raising cardiac output and renal flow (A), increasing GFR (B), and elevating ANP while lowering renin (C) to excrete excess. All are true—volume boosts output/flow, GFR rises, ANP counters renin—making E (all are correct), reassigned as D, correct.