Even after forceful exhalation, a certain volume of air remains in the lungs, referred to as?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Residual volume (RV, D) remains after forced exhalation (~1.2 L) . Tidal volume (A) is quiet breathing (~500 mL). ERV (B) is expirable reserve (~1.3 L). Vital capacity (C) is max exhale (~4.8 L, Q26). RV, unmeasurable by spirometry, stays due to chest wall recoil and airway closure. D's permanence unlike A's cycle or C's total defines post-effort air, per lung volume physiology (Q13).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cough suppressants aren't indicated in asthma. Resistance rises (B) via bronchoconstriction (Q8). FEV1/FVC falls (< 80%, C, true) in attacks (Q15). Bronchodilators (D) relieve spasms. Allergies trigger it. A's suppression cough clears mucus worsens obstruction, unlike B's mechanics or D's therapy, per asthma management (opposite Q13's bronchitis).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All (D) are true for rheumatoid lung disease. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) raises idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis risk (A) interstitial inflammation scars lungs, a known extra-articular feature. Nodular lesions (B), akin to subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules, appear in lung parenchyma, histologically identical (necrobiotic centers). Progressive fibrosis in coal miners with RA and positive rheumatoid factor (C) Caplan's syndrome combines pneumoconiosis and RA's immune response. These manifestations, from fibrosis to nodules, reflect RA's systemic nature, complicating lung function (restrictive patterns), key in rheumatology-pulmonology overlap for diagnosis (e.g., HRCT) and management (e.g., immunosuppression).

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) inequality mismatched air and blood flow can cause both hypercapnia and hypocapnia (C). Low V/Q (e.g., pneumonia) traps COâ‚‚, raising PaCOâ‚‚ (hypercapnia). High V/Q (e.g., pulmonary embolism) over-ventilates, dropping COâ‚‚ (hypocapnia). Hypercapnia' (A) or hypocapnia' (B) alone ignores dual potential. Neither' (D) denies impact. V/Q mismatch, assessed via A-a gradient or scans, disrupts gas exchange, critical in diagnosing shunt or dead space, guiding oxygen or thrombolytic therapy in chest emergencies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Chylothorax milky pleural fluid results from thoracic duct rupture (C), often traumatic or malignant, leaking lymph (high triglycerides, >110 mg/dL). Friction rub (A) is pleuritis. CHF (B) gives transudate. Pseudomonas (D) ties to empyema. Bleb causes pneumothorax. Duct injury's lymphatic spill is distinct, key in nursing for drainage or surgical consult.