Empirical therapy is used for treating UTIs. What type of bacteria are the likely cause of UTIs targeted by empirical therapy?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Gram-negative bacteria like E. coli are common UTI causes targeted empirically.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: To administer 7.5 mg of metoclopramide from a 5 mg/ml syringe, the nurse calculates: Dose desired (7.5 mg) ÷ concentration (5 mg/ml) = 1.5 ml. This ensures the correct amount is given intramuscularly for vomiting control post-chemotherapy. 1 ml delivers 5 mg (too little), 2 ml gives 10 mg (too much), and 0.5 ml provides 2.5 mg (insufficient), making 1.5 ml the precise volume needed based on standard medication math.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Prostaglandins D, I, and E (PGD, PGI, PGE) cause renal vasodilation, increasing renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). They dilate afferent arterioles, enhancing glomerular hydrostatic pressure, which drives filtration. This opposes the vasoconstrictive effect of Prostaglandin F. They do not directly alter oncotic or capsular pressures, making B the accurate description of their regulatory role.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Inulin, a fructose polymer, is an ideal substance for measuring GFR because it is freely filtered by the glomerulus, not reabsorbed, secreted, or metabolized by the kidney, and its clearance equals GFR. Administered intravenously, its urinary excretion rate matches the filtration rate (e.g., 125 ml/min), making it a gold standard in research, thus A (True) is correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the proximal tubule, reabsorption is isosmotic, meaning water and solutes (e.g., Na⁺, Cl⁻) are reabsorbed in proportion, maintaining filtrate osmolarity similar to plasma (300 mOsm/L). The epithelium is leaky and permeable (A is false), Na⁺ moves transcellularly and paracellularly (C is false), and Cl⁺ concentrates in the lumen (D is false), making B true.