Emily Yi, a 27-year-old real estate agent, visited a clinic to rule out any bacterial complications after her recovery from influenza. The clinic nurse educated her about over-the-counter cough suppressants, including the importance of limiting their use. What is the nurse's concern?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: After recovering from influenza, Emily Yi might use cough suppressants for lingering symptoms, but the nurse warns against overuse because they reduce coughing's effectiveness during the day. Coughing clears mucus from the airways, a vital recovery mechanism post-flu, especially to prevent bacterial complications like pneumonia. Suppressing this reflex too much, particularly when active, traps secretions, increasing infection risk a concern for a healthy 27-year-old aiming to avoid setbacks. Weight gain from syrup calories is minor and unrelated to respiratory health. Sleepiness or insomnia could occur with some formulations (e.g., dextromethorphan), but this isn't the primary issue airway clearance is. Addiction to cough suppressants requires excessive, prolonged use, unlikely here. The nurse's focus is on preserving the body's natural defense post-viral illness, ensuring Emily's lungs stay clear, aligning with post-flu care principles to prevent secondary issues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In ARDS, alveolar walls are lined with waxy hyaline membranes (A), resembling surfactant insufficiency in preterm infants'. Choice B is false; initial damage targets capillary endothelium, later affecting epithelium. Choice C is incorrect; the exudate leads to intra-alveolar fibrosis, not resolution. Choice D is wrong; chest X-rays are often normal initially, showing infiltrates later. Choice E (neutrophil-mediated) is true but not listed. Page 716 details hyaline membranes protein-rich debris from necrosis as a hallmark, driven by neutrophil mediators (e.g., ROS), distinguishing A as the consistent feature over B's epithelial focus or C's resolution.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Atopic asthma (C) is the most common type, driven by allergens'. Choice A is false; asthma has increased in the Western world over 30 years. Choice B is incorrect; intrinsic asthma is non-allergic (e.g., viral), while extrinsic is allergen-induced. Choice D is wrong; T_H2 cells (not T_H1) dominate, promoting IgE via IL-4/IL-13 (T_H1 inhibits). Choice E (bronchiolitis obliterans) is bronchitis-related. Page 723 confirms C's prevalence atopy's IgE-mediated hypersensitivity underlies most cases, unlike A's trend or D's cell error.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Squamous metaplasia of the bronchi (D) is not a typical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) lung feature. Choice A (chronic pleuritis) is common. Choice B (interstitial pneumonitis/fibrosis) affects 40% of RA patients. Choice C (rheumatoid nodules) occurs in lung parenchyma. Choice E (pulmonary hypertension) is secondary. Page 731 lists RA's lung effects pleural, interstitial, and nodular but bronchial metaplasia, tied to smoking or bronchitis, isn't RA-specific, making D the exception.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Smoking is associated with particle deposition in alveolar macrophages (D), e.g., 'smokers' macrophages'. Choice A is false; mesothelioma isn't smoking-related (asbestos-driven). Choice B is incorrect; smoking causes interstitial diseases (e.g., DIP) too. Choice C is wrong; liver disease isn't linked. Choice E (Loffler) is unrelated. Page 740 notes D's hallmark carbon-laden macrophages in smokers' lungs, distinguishing it over A's cancer link or B's exclusion.