During the history, which information from a 21-year-old client would indicate a risk for development of testicular cancer?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) is a major risk factor for testicular cancer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct order is denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Florence Nightingale pioneered the idea that a patient's environment directly impacts recovery, a cornerstone of modern nursing. In the 19th century, she observed that poor sanitation, inadequate ventilation, and excessive noise hindered healing, while clean, well-ventilated spaces supported it. Her work during the Crimean War demonstrated this, reducing mortality rates by altering hospital conditions. She viewed the patient as having innate reparative abilities, enhanced by environmental factors like hygiene and comfort, rather than relying solely on medical intervention. This differed from later theorists: Benner focused on skill acquisition, Swanson on caring processes, and King on goal attainment through nurse-client interactions. Nightingale's rejection of germ theory didn't diminish her environmental focus, which remains influential. Her theory laid the groundwork for nursing's emphasis on holistic care, prioritizing the manipulation of external conditions to nurture the body's natural healing processes, a principle still evident in infection control and patient comfort practices today.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Myra Levine's Conservation Model, from the 1960s, outlines four principles energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, social integrity to maintain wholeness. For example, conserving energy in a fatigued patient via rest preserves function. Unlike Leininger's cultural care, Orlando's interaction focus, or Parse's existential lens, Levine's principles guide nurses to protect patient unity, influencing holistic care strategies in clinical settings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The Dark Period (16th-18th centuries) began with Martin Luther's 1517 Reformation, challenging Catholicism e.g., closing church-run hospitals. Unlike Apprentice (religious care), Contemporary (modern), or Educative (formal training), this era saw nursing decline as prostitutes and slaves took over, marking a low point before professional revival.