During preoperative assessment for a 7:30 case, the patient indicates to the nurse that he had a cup of coffee this morning. The nurse reports this information to the anesthesia provider anticipating

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A cup of coffee before a 7:30 surgery, breaching fasting guidelines (clear liquids 2-3 hours, solids 6-8 hours pre-anesthesia), risks aspiration, so the nurse anticipates a delay or cancellation. This protects airway safety during general or regional anesthesia. Coffee components (e.g., milk) might adjust delay length, but the breach itself triggers action. Asking 'why' or reviewing education, while useful later, isn't immediate. The nurse's report ensures the anesthesia provider adjusts timing e.g., delaying hours if milk was added prioritizing patient safety over proceeding, per fasting protocols.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies the mind uses to cope with anxiety or stress, protecting the ego from perceived threats. 'Defense mechanism,' is correct because avoidance (evading stress), displacement (redirecting emotions), fantasy (escaping into imagination), and projection (attributing feelings to others) are all classic examples identified by Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud in psychoanalytic theory. 'Ego,' is the part of the psyche that employs these mechanisms, not the mechanisms themselves. 'Super Ego,' is the moral conscience, not a set of coping strategies. 'Personality,' refers to broader behavioral patterns, not specific defense tactics. These mechanisms serve to manage internal conflicts, such as between the id's impulses and the super ego's standards, making D the accurate answer, rooted in Freudian psychology's explanation of how individuals unconsciously shield themselves from psychological distress.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The commonest computer operating system is determined by widespread use across personal computers globally. 'Windows,' is correct because it dominates the desktop and laptop market, with over 70% share as of 2025 (per StatCounter data), due to its user-friendly interface and compatibility with most software. 'Linux,' is popular among developers and servers but has a niche desktop audience (under 5%). 'Android,' leads in mobile devices, not traditional computers, despite its Linux base. 'MS-DOS,' is outdated, used in the 1980s-90s, not today. Windows' prevalence in homes, offices, and education, driven by Microsoft's marketing and legacy, outstrips competitors in general computer use (excluding mobile-specific OS), making C the clear answer, supported by current industry statistics.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Res ipsa loquitur' (the thing speaks for itself) is a legal doctrine allowing negligence to be inferred when an incident wouldn't occur without it, aiding the plaintiff. 'Plaintiff,' is correct because it shifts the burden to the defendant to explain, as in cases like Byrne v. Boadle (1863), per tort law (e.g., Keeton). 'Defendant,' defends, not benefits. 'Court,' applies the doctrine, not uses it. 'Attorney,' represents, not proves directly. The plaintiff leverages this when evidence is scarce but negligence is obvious (e.g., a surgical tool left inside), making B the accurate answer, rooted in civil litigation principles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Ease, convenience, and cost favor a drug route requiring minimal equipment or expertise. 'Oral,' is correct because it involves swallowing a pill, needing no needles or medical staff, as per pharmacoeconomics (e.g., DiPiro's Pharmacotherapy). 'Intramuscular,' requires injections, less convenient. 'Intravenous,' needs IV setup, costly and complex. 'Subcutaneous,' also involves needles, less simple. Oral administration's widespread use—cheap, self-administered, and non-invasive—makes D the standout answer, reflecting its practicality in outpatient care.