During an assessment of a patient who sustained a head injury 24 hours ago, the medical-surgical nurse notes the development of slurred speech and disorientation to time and place. The nurse's initial action is to:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Slurred speech and disorientation 24 hours post-head injury suggest worsening neurological status (e.g., hematoma, edema), a medical emergency. Informing the neurosurgeon (B) ensures prompt evaluation and intervention, as this exceeds routine monitoring (A) or delay (D). Preparing for surgery (C) assumes a decision not yet made, making B the critical initial action.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Decreased albumin (A) reduces oncotic pressure, vasodilation of the afferent arteriole (B) increases glomerular pressure, and efferent vasoconstriction (C) raises it further, all boosting GFR. All are true: low albumin lessens opposition, afferent dilation enhances flow, and efferent constriction traps pressure, making E (all are correct), reassigned as D, correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nonvolatile acids (e.g., sulfuric, phosphoric) arise from metabolism and protein breakdown (D), requiring renal excretion. They must be eliminated (A is false), volatile acids (COâ‚‚) exceed them (B is false), and bone buffers partially (C is false), making D correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The bladder lies posterior to the pubic symphysis (D), a key anatomical position. It has smooth muscle (detrusor), not skeletal (A), connects to the urethra, not ureter (B), and is innervated by pelvic nerves, not cranial XI (C), making D the correct feature.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Glucose is filtered at the glomerulus and fully reabsorbed in the PCT (B), not secreted, under normal conditions. Secretion (A, C) or no reabsorption (D) occurs only in pathology (e.g., diabetes), making B correct.