Duodenal ulcers are usually found within 3 cm of the pylorus and occur with about equal frequently on the anterior and posterior walls

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Duodenal ulcers typically occur within 3 cm of the pylorus, commonly on both anterior and posterior walls, due to acid exposure and Helicobacter pylori infection.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The d-xylose test assesses small bowel absorption, not pancreatic function, unlike the other tests which evaluate pancreatic enzyme output or damage.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All listed conditions "insulinoma, alcohol-induced glycogen depletion, postprandial hyperinsulinism, and paraneoplastic effects "can cause hypoglycemia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Adrenal insufficiency (e.g., Addison's) causes hyponatremia and hyperkalemia from aldosterone deficiency.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Determining blood sugar first distinguishes hypoglycemia from ketoacidosis, guiding appropriate therapy.