Due to release of adrenocortical steroids by stress in patients who have undergone extensive prolonged surgery are likely to develop depletion of

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Stress from prolonged surgery triggers cortisol release, increasing potassium excretion via urine (aldosterone effect) and shifting it intracellularly, causing hypokalemia. Sodium is retained, calcium and chloride less affected. Nurses monitor for weakness or arrhythmias, replacing potassium to counter steroid-induced losses, maintaining electrolyte balance critical post-op.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Florence Nightingale is recognized as modern nursing's founder, transforming it into a respected profession in the 19th century. Her work during the Crimean War improving sanitation, reducing mortality established nursing's scientific and caring ethos. She wrote 'Notes on Nursing,' formalizing education and practice standards, shifting nursing from untrained aid to a skilled discipline. Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory, influential but later (20th century). Jean Watson's Caring Theory emphasizes humanism, building on Nightingale's legacy, not founding it. Callista Roy's Adaptation Model is another modern framework, not foundational. Nightingale's pioneering efforts in hygiene, education, and professionalization laid the groundwork, making her the historical and symbolic founder of modern nursing globally.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Problem-solving steps include collecting data (gathering facts), identifying the problem (defining it), and determining a plan (acting) e.g., addressing a patient's fever by checking vitals, diagnosing infection, and medicating. Stating a null hypothesis (e.g., 'no effect') is a research step, testing assumptions scientifically, not a general problem-solving action in nursing practice. Nurses solve issues practically e.g., adjusting IV flow without formal hypotheses, which suit studies (e.g., drug trials). The other steps align with clinical decision-making, making null hypothesis the outlier, irrelevant to routine problem-solving's immediate, action-oriented focus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Removing an indwelling catheter requires washing hands (asepsis), deflating the balloon (via syringe, e.g., 10 mL), and applying gentle traction to slide it out, minimizing trauma. Inflating the balloon before removal damages the urethra incorrect and harmful. Explaining and pulling without deflation skips a critical step, risking injury. Screening and explaining are preparatory, but 'pulling gently' alone lacks deflation, incomplete and unsafe. The correct sequence hands washed, balloon deflated, gentle traction follows nursing standards (e.g., catheter care protocols), ensuring safety and comfort, making it the precise technique.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: 1800 ml converts to 1.8 liters (1000 ml = 1 L).