Drugs that are commonly used off-label include:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because gabapentin (e.g., anxiety), amitriptyline (e.g., pain), and quetiapine (e.g., insomnia) are often used off-label, supported by evidence, per clinical practice. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one drug. Choice B is wrong by itself because amitriptyline is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since quetiapine is only one agent.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because antiretrovirals like zidovudine are recommended in pregnancy but avoided in the first trimester if possible. Choice A is incorrect (first trimester risk). Choice C is wrong (delay risks transmission). Choice D is inaccurate (CD4 threshold not applicable).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because unusual packaging (e.g., misspellings), suspiciously low cost (too good to be true), and odd taste/texture (formulation issues) are all counterfeit indicators, per FDA warnings. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one sign. Choice B is wrong by itself because cost is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since taste/texture is only one clue.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because prior substance abuse, young age (impulsivity), and mental health issues (self-medication) are all established risk factors for misuse, per addiction research. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one factor. Choice B is wrong by itself because age is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since mental health is only one aspect.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because all states grant NPs some prescriptive authority, but it’s often limited to specific drug classes. Choice A is incorrect as not all states allow controlled substances. Choice C is wrong since physician involvement is required in many states. Choice D is inaccurate as full independence isn’t universal.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because oxycodone is a Schedule II controlled substance due to high abuse potential, per DEA classification. Choice A is incorrect as acetaminophen is not controlled. Choice C is wrong because ibuprofen is not a controlled substance. Choice D is incorrect since only oxycodone fits.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Choice A is correct because women's higher body fat increases the volume of distribution for lipid-soluble drugs, often requiring higher doses for effect, unlike others. Choice B is incorrect as water-soluble drugs align with lean mass, higher in men. Choice C is wrong because kidney metabolism isn't sex-specific here. Choice D is incorrect since only lipid-soluble drugs fit.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because excretion is the process by which the body eliminates a drug, primarily via the kidneys, completing its removal from the system. Choice A is incorrect as distribution moves the drug within the body, not out of it. Choice C is wrong because absorption brings the drug into the bloodstream, not clears it. Choice D is incorrect since metabolism transforms the drug, but excretion removes it.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Choice C is correct because off-label prescribing—using a drug for an unapproved indication—is legal if supported by scientific evidence and clinical judgment, common in practice. Choice A is incorrect as the FDA doesn't regulate off-label use, just approval. Choice B is wrong because it's not illegal for NPs; it's allowed with justification. Choice D is incorrect since the DEA oversees controlled substances, not off-label prescribing.