Dr. Fabian De Las Santas, is about to conduct an ophthalmoscope examination. Which of the following, if done by a nurse, is a Correct preparation before the procedure?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Darkening the room aids ophthalmoscopy e.g., pupil dilation for retina unlike bright light (constricts). Draping (privacy), warming (nonsense) differ. Nurses prepare e.g., dim for clarity, per protocols.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The nursing shortage is a multifaceted issue driven by several critical factors that impact the profession's sustainability and safety. A high degree of stress in the job is a primary contributor, as nurses often deal with emotionally taxing situations, critically ill patients, and long hours, leading to burnout and turnover. Heavier workloads compounded by fewer staff exacerbate this stress, creating an environment where nurses struggle to provide safe, quality care, further discouraging retention. Additionally, the availability of more lucrative careers in nonnursing fields draws potential and current nurses away, as the financial rewards and work-life balance in other industries often outweigh those in nursing. This combination reduces the longevity of nurses in acute care settings, where demand is highest. Younger faculty members in schools of nursing, while important for education, do not directly cause the shortage; rather, the issue lies in the capacity to train enough new nurses to meet demand. These reasons highlight systemic challenges that perpetuate the shortage, affecting both patient safety and the nursing workforce.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Knowledge in nursing varies by source and objectivity, with traditional and authoritative types being subjective. Traditional knowledge, passed down through generations like family remedies relies on personal or cultural experience, lacking standardized validation, thus varying by individual perception. Authoritative knowledge, from experts like seasoned clinicians, depends on their subjective interpretation of expertise, influenced by personal biases or context, not universal proof. Scientific knowledge, derived from rigorous research, and evidence-based practice, integrating that research with outcomes, aim for objectivity through replicable evidence. The scientific method underpins both, emphasizing measurable, unbiased results. Subjective knowledge shapes nursing by reflecting human experience, but its variability requires nurses to balance it with objective data, ensuring care respects client beliefs while grounding interventions in proven efficacy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The Agent-Host-Environment Model excels in analyzing disease causation by external factors, viewing illness as an interaction between an agent (e.g., bacteria), host (individual), and environment (living conditions). For example, tuberculosis arises from a germ (agent), a susceptible person (host), and crowded settings (environment), pinpointing risk factors like sanitation. The Health-Illness Continuum tracks health status, not causes. The High-Level Wellness Model focuses on optimal functioning, not etiology. The Health Belief Model explains behavior, not disease origins. This model's triad framework aids nurses in identifying external triggers like pollution or vectors tailoring prevention, making it uniquely effective for dissecting environmental contributions to illness, a critical tool in public health nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: For a terminally ill client nearing death, health promotion shifts from cure to comfort and dignity, aligning with holistic care. Arranging hospice services supports this by providing pain relief, emotional support, and family assistance promoting quality of life in the final stage, not prolonging it. Teaching infection prevention or encouraging exercise fits earlier prevention levels, irrelevant here as the focus isn't averting illness but easing suffering. Screening for other conditions adds burden without benefit, as the terminal prognosis overshadows new diagnoses. Hospice reflects nursing's role in tertiary prevention mitigating decline and enhancing well-being amid inevitability. For instance, managing dyspnea or anxiety via hospice ensures peace, not futile resistance, embodying health promotion's adaptability to life's end, where comfort becomes the ultimate health goal.