Differentiation of hysterical fit from epileptic fit:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hysterical fits, also known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, differ significantly from epileptic fits in their presentation and triggers. Unlike epileptic seizures, which are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can occur during sleep (choice A), hysterical fits typically do not. Epileptic seizures often result in physical injuries (choice B) due to uncontrolled movements and falls, and they may lead to incontinence (choice C) because of loss of bodily control during the event. In contrast, hysterical fits are more likely to occur in the presence of an audience (choice D), as they are often linked to psychological stressors or a need for attention. This situational occurrence distinguishes them from the involuntary nature of epilepsy. Nurses must assess these differences to provide appropriate care, as managing a hysterical fit involves addressing psychological factors rather than administering anti-seizure medication. Thus, 'occurs when people are watching' is the key differentiator, making D the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is to decrease the intake of calcium-rich foods when managing renal calculi. Calcium can contribute to the formation of stones in the kidneys, so reducing its intake can help prevent the development of new calculi and manage existing ones.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Confidentiality is protecting private information (C), per ethics safeguarding trust (e.g., records). Promises (A) is fidelity, truth (B) veracity, doing good (D) beneficence. C best defines confidentiality's privacy focus, making it correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The anterior thigh is ideal for morning regular insulin in Type I diabetes, offering steady absorption upper arm is harder to self-administer, abdomen is faster (better for rapid-acting), and buttocks are slower. Nurses rotate sites, teaching clients to use thighs for consistent glucose control, critical for managing this chronic condition effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Betty Neuman's Systems Model views nursing as a unique profession focused on managing stressors that disrupt an individual's stability. Introduced in the 1970s, her theory categorizes stressors as intrapersonal (e.g., emotions), interpersonal (e.g., family dynamics), and extrapersonal (e.g., financial strain). Nurses assess these variables and use primary (prevention), secondary (treatment), or tertiary (recovery) interventions to maintain or restore wellness. This holistic approach contrasts with Johnson's behavioral focus, Watson's caring emphasis, and Parse's human becoming perspective. For example, a patient with diabetes might face intrapersonal stress (fear), interpersonal conflict (family support), and extrapersonal pressure (cost of insulin) Neuman's nurse addresses all three to stabilize the client's system. Her model's flexibility makes it widely applicable in community health and acute care, emphasizing nursing's role in comprehensive stressor mitigation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Martha Rogers (1970s) theorized humans as unitary with subsystems (cells, organs) and suprasystems (family, society) e.g., recovery ties to both. Unlike Roy's adaptation, Henderson's needs, or Johnson's behavior, her interconnectedness guides nurses in holistic assessments e.g., social support per unitary theory.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nurses helping clients explore lifestyle habits and health behaviors to identify risks most likely use wellness models. These frameworks focus on holistic health promotion, emphasizing prevention and self-awareness over disease treatment, unlike the medical model's pathology focus. Wellness models, like Pender's Health Promotion Model, assess habits like diet or exercise to pinpoint risks and encourage positive change, aligning with nursing's preventive role. The psychosocial model addresses emotional factors, and the physiological model targets bodily functions, but neither fully encompasses lifestyle exploration. This approach empowers clients to take proactive steps, such as reducing smoking to prevent lung disease, enhancing overall well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Newborn phosphate levels are nearly twice an adult's, supporting rapid growth, unlike lower or equal levels. Nurses monitor this for metabolic health.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fixed, dilated pupils strongly indicate imminent death.